Since X Ray Was Discovered Health And Social Care Essay

Since X ray was discovered by Roentgen in 1895, its medical practise has grown to be a fast and dynamic imaging mode. today s supposition section consists of an impressive array of diagnostic and healing(predicate) devices from roentgen ray forms, CT S mountain, PET S croupe, additive gas pedal, which read/write headly put on ioni blether ray for diagnosing and intervention of unwellnesss and with the add-on of ultrasound and MRI that office sound moving ridges and magnets for diagnosing or else of X raies. thitherfore, radioscopy is considered as the window of the healthcargon establishment and the radiologic or breastrates be the individuals behind these state-of-the art machines.In the roentgenogram section, angiotensin converting enzyme of the divisions of radiology section, the x-ray machines be utilise for diagnosings of unwellnesss. For carbon erstwhile(a) ages the film- cloak organization has been the imaging organization of pick. This agreement utilises radiographic movie, screen and wet chemical substance science to induce forrad an date just like effected picture taking. Every RT s end is to lend senior amply school eccentric doublings for perfect diagnosing hence distri andively heartbeat is really critical. The RT mustiness be equipped with information and sciences from anatomy, positioning and impression proficiencys. One little error send packing endanger the estimate and outputs an unsatis performery radiogram which entails repeat interrogation that chiefly means extra light lance therapy dosage to the forbearing. This is one of the disadvantages of a film-screen musical arrangement wherein one time the movie has been processed on that purpose is no manner to change it. What you see is what you get. Fortunately, with the act applied scientisting of imaging modes came the debut of digital desire which follow the very(prenominal) construct as digital cameras wherein brightness and pipeline o f the role can be changed and orbits can now be cropped. Its advantage compargond to film-screen is really obvious, since estimates can be altered, repetition scrutinies, much is no longer inevit competent.The engineering is superb and its introduction has grown the wonder of every RT whether it is efficient compared to the traditional system. And of class, it is. However, as with every other engineering has its drawback. Since the unexampled engineering chiefly intents reckon machine and computer-aided equipments oftentimes do the full occupation. The inquiry lies wherein im go the strength of the RT in footings of picture proficiency federal agents be same as utilizing the accomplished manner?Several international surveies give tongue to that because of the convenience of the system, the RTs utilizing the machine oftentimes fail to see the criterion communications protocols in every proficiency pick because mountain ranges can be manipulated subsequently. Chang e of moving-picture shows from cut back to clip should non be a day-to-day scenario because use sometimes interfere accurate diagnosing.As of the investigate workers erudition, there are no known local related surveies in the reducing of RT s power in utilizing CR. One of the grounds whitethorn be this mode is until now in the phase of debut in the Philippines and that its deduction is non yet intensively studied. But this does non halt the look into workers to look of happening out if there is so a diminution in RT s strength with the new system. This conform to off is a relative-correlational explore in observeing the head of radiographic talent amidst film-screen system and CR on flick technique actor weft. The chief uses of the look workers are to compare if there is a burning(prenominal) difference in footings of radiographic efficacy in the RT who uses film-screen from CR and to ferret out if the respondents visibleness and dresser has a alpha kind in footings of radiographic ability. Base on the publication of the survey, the research workers forget be able to measure the indispensable accomplishments ask for the business. Technology so has helped us in many ways. However, without the competency of the sea captain manipulating the equipment is futile. This means that the engineer who has the exclusive duty of manning the state-of-the art equipment should non trust from engineering, alternatively engineering should trust on them.REVIEW OF LITERATUREThis survey chiefly aims to compare the tip of radiographic competency on photograph technique gene plectrum among film-screen system and computed radiography ( CR ) . scene technique factor survival of the fittest is an of moment tail end for these dickens types of figure of speech sensory sensory receptor ( IR ) or imaging system. Image receptor is a device that converts X raies into seeable visible radiation sickness. Competence should non change whether the radiologic engineer ( RT ) is utilizing the effected or digital system, otherwise, it get out get the better of the intensive survey of the movie techniques during the undergraduate old ages. Further more, fork uping captivate pictorial matter techniques is paramount in the profession since these techniques too mean radiation paneling on the persona of the longanimous. Harmonizing to Fauber & A Johnston ( 2012 ) , the radiographer s actions at the control panel straight fit the nature and the makeup of the x-ray beam. This means that the selected picture technique factor is straight relative to patient dosage. In add-on, it is the duty of the radiographer to larn the doctrine, factors and methods that minimizes ionising radiation photograph to the patient ( Callaway, 1996 ) . This besides means that an RT is supplying tone of voice patient attention when he/she gives an adequate and infallible sum of radiation to the patient.Competence in Radiologic TechnologistK lemp ( 1980 ) defined competency as an implicit in feature of a individual which consequences in effectual and/or superior public launching on the occupation. A competent individual is imbued with the right wisdom, accomplishments and lieu on a peculiar undertaking. Other writers define competency as a bunch or related cognition, accomplishments, and attitudes that reflects a major part of one s occupation, which has a relationship in the public pre directation on the occupation that can be measured with well-accepted criterions, and that can be change with preparation and development ( Parry, 1996 ) . In radiologic engineering, for illustration, an freshly licensed RT already birth cognitive and motor accomplishments at an entry mark, nevertheless, it can merely be enhanced with appropriate and consistent preparation in a chosen specialised cranial orbit during the class of his/her work as an RT.Knowledge, Skills, military positionAs mentioned, competency is a combina tion of cognition, accomplishments and attitudes. These constituents are indispensable as a alone because the absence of one constituent greatly affects 1s public presentation. Harmonizing to Dowd ( 1996 ) , cognition as mountain of competency includes theories and constructs which were gained as a consequence of the experience of kill certain undertakings. Furthermore, in the field of radiologic engineering he added that cognition includes job-specific nomenclature, methods of forming cultivation and an apprehension of rules and generalisations. On the other manus, Hans Reynold in 1928 defined accomplishment as combine mental and physical qualities which make it utile to industry. Knowledge if feature with accomplishments is of import in the workplace. Furthermore, one can non develop a accomplishment without cognition and at exalteder(prenominal) tips, cognition are converted to accomplishments ( Klieme, 2004. )The ut around(a) constituent that determines competency is th e attitude. The attitude such as beliefs, measure outs, traits, and motivations is a mint of competency because it indicates the individual s response to a peculiar solvent or state of affairs. Attitude refers to the sensitivity or mental country of individuals/users towards a merchandise, thoughts, or attributes. It besides implies on mental preparedness on a peculiar object or his properties toward an object or his penchants. ( Hulse & A Dowd, 1996 ) . In the field of radiologic engineering, competency does non merely intend that the RT is equipped with the cognition and accomplishments but RT is besides imbued with the right attitude and judgement to supply each patient with lumber attentionOn radiographic CompetenceIn the field of radiologic engineering, one facet of the profession requires competent accomplishments in radiographic word-painting factor technique. The said competency is indispensable particularly in the diagnostic x-ray visual sense, wherein pic factors are the key to accurate diagnosing and supplying radiation point to borderline phase. For 100 old ages, film-screen technique has been the method of pick in radiographic imagination ( Bushong 2009 ) . Film-screen system uses radiographic movies, radiographic intensifying screens and wet chemical science to do the image seeable. Furthermore, this conventional system should adhere to the criterions of the darkroom demands. Film-screen system has the same construct as a typic conventional camera. In a film-screen technique, radiologic engineer should be certain on the photograph factors to be applied in a peculiar picture because improper picking of photo factors can take to over motion picture or under moving-picture show of the movie. Overexposure or underexposure degrades image theatrical role and hence, it can take to rejection of movie, and so necessitates the demand for repetition scrutiny. Repeat scrutiny provides unneeded dosage to the patient and extra costs to the section.On the other manus, as with the other inventions in engineering, diagnostic imagination has shifted its class from conventional to digital. Computer applications are employed presents in diagnostic imagination modes. An confiscate analogy that is easy for most people to understand is the replacing of typical movie cameras with digital cameras images can be taken, instantly examined, deleted, corrected, and cropped, and later sent to a web of computing machines. Computed skiagraphy system ( CR ) is an low-priced solution to digital imagination. Alternatively of the movie, CR employs an imaging home handbag to capture x-rays and makes it seeable when the home introduction is scanned into a computing machine and digitized it. Once the image is converted to informations, it can be recorded on a optical maser printed movie or can be transmit and stored digitally. It has particular characteristics like use or sweetening of the image. Its specialised packet boat is use to ima ge sing with enhanced maps similar to film-screen system, such as business, brightness, and rapid climb. ( dicomsolutions.com, 2011 ) .Computed skiagraphy has practical honest advantages compared with conventional techniques, such as broad lineage dynamic scope, post-processing functionality, multiple image screening options, and electronic transportation and file awaying possibilities. In this system, image quality can be achieved because of the post-processing techniques that are non thinkable with film-screen system. This system is convenient for the engineers because the RT can counterbalance for exposure technique inaccuracies by seting the technique during post-processing stage of the image instead than that clip of exposure.In radiologic engineering field, competency agencies that the RT is equipped with the cognition, accomplishments, attitude and judgement to supply each patient with quality attention. Harmonizing to Olavidez ( 2005 ) , competency is indispensable in t he field of Radiologic Technology because RT is a fast growth profession RT trades with human lives and most of all, the RT course of mould is non plenty to fix the pupils to be equipped with the accomplishments necessity for the profession particularly in the particular Fieldss of radiologic engineering. For an RT to go competent, he/she should back up undergone formal educational background followed by specialised preparation in their chosen field that takes months. As an RT, he/she should hold comprehensive cognition and accomplishments in patient attention, radiologic processs and radiation dose.Exposure proficiency FactorsExposure technique factors influence and invite the measure and quality of X ray to which the patient is exposed ( Bushong, 2009 ) . kilovolt extremum ( kVp ) , milliamperage ( ma ) , exposure clip and source-to-image surpass ( SID ) are the chief exposure technique factors. Furthermore, the said factors besides affect image quality.Milliamperage and e xposure clip are the exposure factors that affects the measure of radiation. Milliampere is the step of x-ray electron tube current, whereas milliampere-second ( ma ) is the green goods of exposure clip and exposure tubing current. They straight affect the optical denseness ( OD ) of the movie. Optical denseness is the overall darkening of the movie. The darker the movie, the higher depend of x-rays is given to the patient. The higher the haoma of X raies that are the given to the patients, the greater the radiation dose they receive. Source-to-image receptor distance besides affects the measure of the radiation. The closer the patient is to the x-ray beginning, the higher dose the patient gets. For chest X ray, the standard SID is 72 inches, maculation for the other x-ray scrutinies, the standard SID is 40 inches. Kilovoltage extremum ( kVp ) , straight affects the quality of radiation. kVp is the maximal electric potency that travels across the x-ray tubing. Since kVp affects the quality of the x-ray beam, it besides affects the quality of the radiographic image. Kilovoltage straight affects contrast. Contrast is the fluctuation of densenesss on the movie. The advantage of utilizing higher kVp is that the patient allow for have lower dose of radiation because it go out non be absorbed. However, higher kilovoltage produces more spread radiation, therefore increases the transmittal of X raies to the image receptor and degrades image quality. The best techniques to counter spread radiation are utilizing beam restrictors such as collimator to strive low energy X raies and to cut-off low energy beams utilizing radiographic grids. By using beam restrictors and grid leave heighten image contrast because spread radiation provide be prevented. Furthermore, spread radiation pass on besides supply unneeded dosage to the patient.Therefore, exposure technique factor choice is indispensable. To supply quality radiogram and to restrict patients to radiation sho uld be a end for every RT. Harmonizing to Bushong ( 2009 ) , RTs are required to utilize their accomplishments to bring forth the best possible image with individual exposure ( Bushong, 2009 ) . Otherwise, reprise scrutiny will supply unneeded radiation dosage to the patient. Therefore, it is requirement for the RT to be equipped with cognition and accomplishments to pull strings these exposure technique factors to bring forth coveted optical denseness, contrast, and image item on the finished radiogram.RT in Film-Screen frameIn conventional film-screen system, before each scrutiny, the radiologic engineer must have the optimal radiographic technique factors- kVp, ma, and exposure clip ( Bushong 2009 ) . There are many considerations to arise the value of each factor and they are complexly interrelated. Contrast and Density are the photographic factors of the radiogram and it functions to do the image seeable. Visibility of image is of import so that anatomical image will look for proper diagnosing. After each exposure, there is no manner to pull strings its contrast and denseness and that s what makes film-screen system hard as unequal contrast or denseness entails repetition scrutiny. Since use of the image is non possible in this system, the RT should be certain with the technique factors prior to the exposure otherwise, misreckonings can ensue to underexposure or overexposure. In a film-screen system, overexposure and underexposure of the image is considered un bankable because the of import constructions are non seeable and therefore it is non a tool for proper diagnosing. In other words, image quality is bloodsucking on exposure factors.RT in Computed radiographyIn CR system, image quality is non mutualist on exposure factors. Digital image is unrelated to dose, kVp becomes less of import. Since, image quality is non dependent on exposure factors, image can be manipulated. In a conventional system, the movie serves as both image encyclopaedism a nd show medium. With CR, the image home base serves as the acquisition medium but does non expose the image. Since these maps are separate in CR, the digital signal can be altered to counterbalance for underexposure or overexposure and an congenial image can be displayed on the proctor ( Shephard, 2003 ) . With CR system, post-processing is possible that helps heighten image therefore leting the RT to change image contrast and denseness. Since image can be manipulated or modified, underexposure or overexposure is no longer a job with this system, because it can normally salve fluctuations from the optical technique, whereas proficient slide with a screen-film system frequently requires a repetition exposure ( Pizzutiello, 1993 Cesar, 1997 ) . Therefore, with CR, proficient mistakes are eliminated because of exposure discrepancies that are possible with salvageable consequences, presuming equal kilovoltage is used ( Ballinger, 1999 ) .On Assessment of RT CompetenceIn order to cogn ize the competency of a professional, assessment plays a critical function. Assessment is of import so as to measure if the RT is still competent to make the occupation. Since we are in the epoch of rapid engineering, it may come to a point that we will merely set our dominance on computing machines instead than our competency. Harmonizing to Olavidez ( 2005 ) , competency is an discernible ability and it can be measured against set of criterions. Appraisal of competency is a combined cognition, accomplishments, and attitudes that reflect the current work pattern. Furthermore, it can bridge the spread between workplace demands and criterion.Choice of exposure technique factor is of utmost magnificence because RT trades with exposing patients to radiation. Exposure technique factor is tantamount to the quality and the measure of radiation that exits the patient, hence, the RT should be precise in giving exposure technique factors. planning divert radiation dosage is necessary to forestall the patients from the jeopardies of the ionizing radiation, hence front to the exposure of the patient, accurate exposure techniques should be practiced. The issue of supplying accurate techniques lies in a digital system, wherein images can be manipulated during post-processing. Harmonizing to Fredrick Walker ( medicalimagingmag, 2008 ) , a radiologic engineer at Sharp Rees-Stealy in San Diego, CA, he pointed out if the image is excessively dark, we can pull strings the image utilizing post-processing techniques like windowing or shadowing or to set contrast without holding to reiterate the scrutiny. Furthermore, since image can be manipulated during post-processing, it can promote complacence instead than true(p)ness with exposure techniques which can ensue in overexposed or underexposed images ( health checkxray, 2010 ) . In add-on, harmonizing to Enfinger ( 2012 ) , that it is true that the image can be adjusted, nevertheless, it is non recommended because the natu ral information from the initial exposure will incorporate information from spread radiation that degrades image quality even if it is manipulated subsequently.Harmonizing to Shephard ( 2003 ) , it is likely that digital imagination will replace conventional screen-film skiagraphy in many modern medical imagination centres in the close hereafter. It has already been stated that even if the image can be manipulated during post-processing, this should non be a pattern because somehow it can deteriorate image quality which consequences in inaccurate diagnosing. One retrospective summary of patients who had undergone lumbar spinal column radiogram for the diagnosing of osteoporosis comparison diagnostic fairness with screen-film versus digital skiagraphy. The writers suspected that bone mineral loss could be more easy seeable with screen-film imaging delinquent to the fact that image contrast can non be adjusted with this mode, whereas CR ( and DR ) images undergo digital post-proces sing techniques to exploit contrast. This could ensue in misdirecting consequences that confound diagnostic strength in osteoporosis.Therefore, this is a challenge now for the RT to keep their competency amidst the assistance of engineering. Competence of RT is the installation of supplying quality patient attention by supplying captivate radiation dosage for accurate diagnosing.SynthesisThe focal point of the literature and surveies cited was the radiographic competency of RT between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy and it is through this survey that the research workers can place and compare whether their competency will differ found on the image receptor that is being used. In add-on, competency in exposure technique factors is indispensable because this will besides intend radiation dosage to the patient. It has already been affirmed that the construct has been there for the past some old ages and hence the present survey is surely non a new construct. Nevertheles s, the research workers deemed it necessary to carry on a survey mensuration the competency of the RT for the benefit of the establishment where they belong because the research worker wants to notify a professional plan that could beef up the foundation of the RTs . It is besides of import for the school to offer the plans since about the RT from the different infirmaries in Davao metropolis are merchandises of this establishment.This survey is similar to the other surveies cited in this subdivision because it stated on the effects of digital imagination on the radiographic competency of the RTs. Furthermore, old surveies dealt with the effects of image use on image quality and it indirectly link to the competency of the RTs.Conceptual ModelIn this position, the research workers attempted to measure the grade of radiographic competency of the RTs in footings of cognition, accomplishments and attitude. Through measuring the competency of the RTs, the research workers are able to find the degree of radiographic competency their strengths and weakness of radiographic techniques. On the other manus, the research workers identified the factors that can wallop their competency, such as the respondents demographic visibleness in footings of age, sex, figure of old ages in service and educational attainment and the compose of establishment such as breast and its categorization are besides considered.To hold a graphic image of the survey, Figure 1 served as the research paradigmSCHEMATIC DIAGRAMIndependent Variables mutually beneficial VariablesFactors respondents Profile epoch outlet of old ages in serviceAgency backstage openImage ProcessingFilm-Screen SystemComputed RadiographyDegree of radiographic CompetencecognitionSkillsAttitudeFigure 1Conventional Diagram demoing the relationship between the independent and dependent variablesSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThe survey aims to compare the degree of radiographic competency in utilizing a film-screen system and computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice specifically it aims to reply the undermentioned inquiriesWhat is the respondents profile in footings ofAgeNumber of old ages in serviceWhat is the office of the health care establishments in footings of reclusivePublicWhat is the degree of the respondents radiographic competency in utilizing film-screen system on exposure technique factor choice in footings of loreSkillsAttitudeWhat is the degree of the respondents radiographic competency in utilizing computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeIs there a important relationship between the respondents profile and the degree of radiographic competency in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeIs there a important relationship between the bureau of health care establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeIs there a important difference in the degree of radiographic competency be tween film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeHypothesisThere is no important relationship between the respondents profile and the degree of radiographic competency in footings ofAgeNumber of old ages in serviceThere is no important relationship between the bureau of the healthcare establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings ofPublic cloak-and-daggerThere is no important difference in the degree of radiographic competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeDEFINITION OF TERMSAccuracy- refers to the grade of conformance of a measured or calculated value to its existent or specific value.Computed Radiography- is an low-cost solution of digital imagination system that uses a photostimulable phosphor as the image receptor.Digital Radiography- an all-digital technique in which x-ray soaking up is quantified by assignment of a figure to the sum of x-rays making the sensor this is besides called as cassetteless system.Exposure- step of ionization produced in air by X raies or gamma beams.Exposure Factor selection. It is the factor set by the radiographer ( kVp, and ma ) to bring forth visibleness of constructions in the radiogram.Film Screen System- is the conventional image receptor that uses radiographic movie, radiographic escalating screen and wet chemical science to send off the image in the radiogram.Image receptor- is a device that converts x-ray beam into seeable image.Degree of Radiographic Competence- refers to the step of the degree of competency of the radiologic engineer in accomplishing ends and aims in supplying quality radiogram with minimal radiation dosage to patients.Private hospital- is a infirmary owned by a net income company or a non-profit organisation and in hole-and-corner(a) funded through payment for medical services by patients themselves.Public hospital- is a infirmary which is owned by the authorities and have author ities support.Significance OF THE STUDYThis survey seeks to find if there is a important difference on the degree of the respondents radiographic competency in exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy and to find if there is a important relationship on the degree of radiographic competency between respondents profile and bureau.Based on the consequences of this survey, the research workers can place the strengths and failings of the RTs and if it shows important diminution in the competency of the RT in the CR system, the research workers will purpose an enhancement plan for the professionals. The said plan will besides be a portion of the Continuing passe-partout Education ( CPE ) , and it will be added to the CPE units needed to regenerate RT licences. This survey will be most instrumental to the radiology section of the infirmary to heighten Health Care lecture by restricting radiation dosage to the patients. Furthermore, finding the attitude toward the imagination system will assist the section to reassess the mental and the emotional province of the RT s. Mental and Emotional province of the RT are of import since they are covering with patients. It is the duty of the RT to render quality patient attention by supplying confiscate radiation dosage.Furthermore, this survey will besides be of most helpful to the schools offering radiologic engineering as to escalate the foundation of the pupils in footings of exposure technique factors. Based on the consequence of the survey, there may be a demand to revise the course of study to further escalate the accomplishments of the RT pupils. Computed Radiography is non a portion of the standard RT course of study, and it may be one factor that affects the diminution of competency on the portion of the professional every bit good as the pupils.Chapter 2MethodologyThis part discusses the research design used, the research venue where the survey will be conducted, the description of samples and the taste technique, the instrument used, the inside informations of process and the statistical analysis to reply the research job.Research DesignThe survey will use a comparative-correlational research. To find the difference between the degree of competency in film-screen system and computed skiagraphy, comparative survey will be used. Furthermore, to find the relationship between the respondents profile and bureau between the degrees of the radiographic competency, correlational design will be employed.PutingThe survey will be conducted from the selected infirmaries in Davao, Digos and Tagum metropolis using both film-screen system and computed skiagraphy. The infirmaries utilizing film-screen system are the undermentioned Alexian Brothers Health and Wellness nucleus, Km. 4, McArthur advancedway, Matina, Davao metropolis Davao Regional infirmary, located at Apokon, Tagum City 8112 and Davao Del Sur Provincial hospital which is located at Lapu-la pu St. Digos, City Davao Del Sur. On the other manus, the infirmaries utilizing the computed skiagraphy system are the undermentioned Davao Doctors Hospital ( DDH ) , E. Quirino Ave. , Davao City Southern Philippines Medical Center ( SPMC ) , J.P Laurel Ave. , Bajada, Davao City and Davao Medical School Foundation and Hospital ( DMSF ) , Medical Drive, Bajada, Davao City.ParticipantsThe respondents of the survey are the Registered Radiologic Technologists and Associate X-ray Engineers coming from the selected infirmaries in Davao City using a film-screen and computed skiagraphy system. Furthermore, the qualified respondents should be at least(prenominal) sixer months in service at the clip of the rating.MeasuresThe research estimation is composed of four parts. The first portion of the idea consists of inquiries refering to the profile of the respondents and infirmary.The second portion consists of inquiries on the respondents degree of cognition on exposure technique factor c hoice. The inquiries are specifically structured in such a manner that assesses the respondents acquired cognition on technique choice. Based on the consequences, the attitude in footings of respondent s response in both film-screen and CR system will be categorized as follows depending on their clean markPoints Obtained qualitative Description30-25 Very High20-24 High15-19 Reasonably High10- 14 Low13- 0 Very LowInterpretationThe aforesaid appraisal descriptor that will be used as instrument of the survey is constructed and spiritional by the research workers as to quantify the basic cognition in exposure technique factor choice regardless of the imagination system used. Its cogency and dependability was attested by experts of the field.Furthermore, the 3rd portion of the appraisal is an existent rating wherein the respondents are observed during x-ray scrutiny. They will be assessed in the existent choice of the exposure technique factor and the conduce of the image. The sai d appraisal is a point system the separate the RT performs in technique factor choice and the acceptable the image, the higher the points. Based on the consequences, the degree of radiographic competency in footings of respondent s accomplishments will be categorized as follows depending on their average markPoints Obtained Qualitative Description10 Very high degree of radiographic accomplishments7-9 High degree of radiographic accomplishments4-6 Reasonably low degree of radiographic accomplishments1-3 Low degree of radiographic accomplishmentsLow degree of radiographic accomplishments means that the respondents were non able to execute the appropriate exposure techniques and came up with an unacceptable radiogram. Reasonably low degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were non able to execute appropriate exposure techniques and came up with a passable radiogram. High degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were able to come up with a quality radiogra m but did non execute appropriate exposure techniques. Last, really high degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were able to come up with a quality radiogram and performed appropriate exposure techniques. The appraisal is circumscribed in the x-ray scrutiny of the skull and pectus.Furthermore, the last portion of the appraisal is consists of inquiries sing the attitude of the respondents. The respondents attitude will be assessed base on their attitudes about the imagination system and its facets. The research workers will use the Likert Scale wherein the respondents are asked to bespeak a grade of understanding and bitterness with each of a series of statement. The consequences will be categorized as follows depending on their average markPoints Obtained Qualitative Description5 potently Agree4 Agree3 Indifferent2 Disagree1 Strongly differIn add-on, the research workers will utilize purposive sampling as to measure up the respondents for the survey.Ethical Cons iderationResearch blessing will be obtained through the research reappraisal section or human resources section from the six infirmaries. To promote voluntary engagement of the RTs in this survey, the cover missive of the intent and nature of the survey, informations confidentiality, and research support will be attached. The namelessness of the respondents will be ensured.Procedures1. Letter inquiring for permission.2. After the blessing of the proposal of this survey, the research worker will organize with the human resource section and the radiology section caputs. Once approved by radiology caputs, the research workers will get down the rating procedure. The research workers will aim two months in assemblage of informations get downing October 1- November 1. Based on the consequence, the research workers will so place the area/s of troubles by the respondents and so proposed an enhancement plan for the professional concentrating on the failings identified.Datas AnalysisThe unde rmentioned statistical methods will be utilized for the analysis of the informations and reading of the consequencesTo reply the undermentioned jobs, obtaining Frequency, cockeyed and Percentage will be employed.What is the respondents profile in footings ofAgeNumber of old ages in serviceWhat is the bureau of infirmary in footings ofPrivatePublic3. What is the degree of the respondents radiographic competency in utilizing film-screensystem on exposure technique factor choice in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitude4. What is the degree of the respondents radiographic competency in utilizing computedskiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeThe Pearson Product-Moment Coefficient of Correlation will be used to correlate the respondents degree of radiographic competency and the ( 1 ) respondents profile and ( 2 ) profile of the healthcare establishment. It seeks to reply the undermentioned jobs5. Is there a important relationship between th e respondents profile and the degree ofradiographic competency in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeIs there a important relationship between the bureau of health care establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeLast, T-test will be used to compare the degree of respondents competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphyIs there a important difference in the degree of competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeThe processing will be done with the tradition of SPSS.Scope and RestrictionThe chief intent of the survey is to find if there is a important difference on the degree of the radiographic competency of radiologic engineers on exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy. Furthermore, the research workers will besides seek to find if there is a important relationship on the degree of radiographic competency between radio logic engineers profile and bureau. The research workers will use the three competences videlicet Knowledge, Skills and Attitude. The survey is limited merely to six health care establishments in Davao, Digos and Tagum City with the following profileName of Hospital Image receptor AgencyAlexian Brothers Wellness Center Film-Screen System PrivateDavao Doctors Hospital Computed Radiography PrivateDavao Del Sur Prov. Hospital Film-Screen System PublicDavao Regional Hospital Film-Screen System PublicDMSF Computed Radiography PrivateSPMC Computed Radiography PublicFurthermore, the survey is limited to skull and chest scrutiny. Since the survey discusses the quality and measure of radiation, nevertheless, it does non cover the radiation dose the patient receives. The survey merely focuses on the image quality found on the exposure techniques -kVp, ma and SID- selected by the respondents.Appendix 1 Communication LetterRaymund CS. Del ValDavao Doctors HospitalPresidentThru Mirasol B. T iuDirectorHuman Resources DepartmentBeloved Sir/ skirtWe would wish to seek permission to carry on our survey in this establishment specifically in the Radiology Department. Our survey is entitled Radiographic Competence between Film-Screen System and Computed Radiography on Exposure Technique Factor Selection .The chief aim of this research is to place the radiographic competency between the radiologic engineers using film-screen image receptor and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Through your engagement, we finally hope to find if competency in exposure technique choice varies or non. We assured that this information will be held in confidential and will be used merely to radiate the position of our survey.Your blessing on this affair will be passing appreciated.Respectfully Yours,Dannalyn D. Ibanez, RRT Jules King Defensor, RRTResearcher ResearcherDDC- RT Department DDC- RT DepartmentTheresa T. Eguia, RRTResearch workerDDC- RT Department storied ByJoshua P. Sero Dr. Lucila T. Lu poRT Program Chair Head of Research Dept.Appendix 2 wipe LETTERDear Respondent,We are the module of Davao Doctors College- Radiologic Technology Department and soon carry oning a survey entitled Radiographic Competence between Film-Screen System and Computed Radiography on Exposure Technique Factor Selection The chief aim of this research is to place the radiographic competency between the radiologic engineers using film-screen image receptor and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Through your engagement, we finally hope to find if competency in exposure technique choice varies or non. enclose with this missive is a brief questionnaire that asks a assortment of inquiries. The questionnaire is composed of quintuplet parts. First portion is your personal profile. Second, is your establishments profile. The 3rd portion is a quiz-type that measures your cognition about exposure factor techniques on skull and chest scrutiny. In the quaternate portion, we, the research workers will detect you based on your existent choice of the exposure techniques during the x-ray scrutiny. And in conclusion, we will be inquiring sing your attitudes and positions toward your current occupation as an RT. Your replies and responses are confidential and will be used for research purposes merely.We hope you will take a some proceedingss to finish this questionnaire. Without the aid of people like you, research on radiographic competency could non be conducted. Your engagement is voluntary and there is no penalization if you do non take part.If you have any inquiries or concerns about finis the questionnaire or about take parting in this survey, you may advert us at 222-0853 local 107 or 09161932693 or you can email us at danna_rrt yahoo.com.Sincerely,Dannalyn D. Ibanez, RRT Jules King C. Defensor, RRTResearcher ResearcherDDC- RT Department DDC- RT DepartmentTheresa T. Eguia, RRTResearch workerDDC- RT DepartmentAppendix 3 Samples of QuestionnairesDegree of Competence in Exposure T echnique Factor SelectionEvaluation FormPart I Respondent s ProfileName ( Optional ) ______________________________ Rating _____________Sexual activity ______________________ Date ______________Age _________Number of Years in Service ________Part II Healthcare cosmos s ProfileType of Institution ( ) Primary ( ) Secondary ( ) tertiaryType of Imaging System ( ) Film Screen ( ) Computed RadiographyPart III CognitionSKULL RADIOGRAPHYThymineFIn skiagraphy of skull, particularly for paediatric and geriatric patients, short exposure clip is required.2. employ of grid is required in skull skiagraphy3. In skull skiagraphy, wherein a small field size is required exposure factors may hold to be increased.4. In skull imagination, a 15 % addition in kvp should be come with by half decrease in mom.5. Skull skiagraphy requires a high contrast image, which requires a high kvp choice.6. When utilizing a grid, it may non be necessary to increase the exposure factor.7. When exposure factor is do ne with the usage of bucky, it is of import to see an addition of ma to keep the movie denseness.8. In skull skiagraphy, the usage of medium kVp and short exposure clip and the highest possible ma is recommended.9. It is necessary to increase kVp when an x-ray requisition indicates status such as hydrocephaly, osteochondroma, and Paget s disease.10. A sidelong skull place will necessitate lesser exposure than PA skull X ray.11. When tube angulation is applied during skull x-ray, there is an addition in exposure severally.12. 40 inches distance is used during skull skiagraphy to obtain appropriate degree of denseness.13. Skull with injuries due to vehicular accident will necessitate lesser exposure factor.14. ma is the factor of pick for skull process.15. Skull process with air spreads due to trauma, kVp is the factor of pick.CHEST RADIOGRAPHYThymineF1. Aerated tissue such as lungs require high sum of exposure to enter appropriate degree of denseness.2. The thickness of the thorax is normally measured with callipers as a usher to the proper ma choice.3. In portable thorax X ray, the ma value is decreased.4. pathological status of the thorax may non be taken into history in gauging the electromotive force value.5. To find farther the pathology emphysema the usage of lower kVp exposure requires.6. By and large, kV should be high plenty to ensue in sufficient contrast to show the many sunglassess of grey needed to view the finer lung markers.7. vanity skiagraphy requires the usage of high mas and long exposure clip to minimise the opportunity of gesture and attendant loss of unsharpness.8. actors assistant transcending 30cm in thickness requires an addition non merely in ma but besides in kVp9. In pleural gush, normal thorax technique will ensue in underexposed image.10. 72 inches distance is officially use during chest skiagraphy to obtain appropriate degree of denseness.11. In chest x-ray utilizing air spread technique, normally gives lower patient dosage.12 . Chest is considered as a low contrast anatomy.13. In patients with pneumonia, it is ever appropriate to diminish exposure techniques.14. In patients with pneumothorax, it is ever appropriate to increase exposure techniques.15. By and large, as grid ratio additions, patient dosage will diminish.Part IV SkillsExposure Technique Factor SelectionMarkDid the engineer usage calliper to mensurate the thickness of the portion? ( to use appropriate kVp ) 1 point.2. Make the engineer suitably use radiographic grids? 1 point.3. Make the engineer twin the portion of involvement? ( collimation reduces spreadradiation therefore provides high contrast image ) 1 point.4. Make the engineer usage appropriate source-to-image distance ( SID ) ? 1 point.Radiographic ImageIs the radiogram acceptable in footings of contrast? 2 points.( 2- acceptable 1- moderate 0- unacceptable )Is the radiogram acceptable in footings of denseness? 2 points.( 2- acceptable 1- moderate 0- unacceptable )Is the image decen tly collimated? 1 pointIs there a presence of image fuzz? ( Long exposure clip contributes to image fuzz ) 1 point.EntirePart V AttitudeFor Film-Screen userFilm-Screen SystemStrongly AgreeAgreeIndifferentDisagreeStrongly Disagree1. Film-Screen imagination system still is the best mode of pick in bring forthing a quality radiogram.2. Film-Screen imagination system gives more accurate consequences compared to digital system.3. Film-Screen imagination system is the most convenient mode in choosing proper exposure technique.4. Since I can non pull strings the image in a Film-Screen system, I should be precise in choosing kVp and ma in every scrutiny.5. If the image becomes underexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies.6. If the image becomes overexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies.7. I normally choose high exposure factors in Film-Screen.8. Collimation is really of import in Film-Screen.9. I think film-screen bounds patient radiation dosage.10. I feel that my competency on exposure technique factor choice is great in film-screen system.For Computed Radiography userComputed RadiographyStrongly AgreeAgreeIndifferentDisagreeStrongly Disagree1. CR is the best mode of pick in bring forthing a quality radiogram.2. CR gives more accurate consequences compared to digital system.3. CR is the most convenient mode in choosing proper exposure technique.4. Since I can pull strings the image in a CR system, sometimes I am non certain in choice of kVp and ma.5. If the image becomes underexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies.6. If the image becomes overexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies.7. I normally choose high exposure factors in CR.8. There is no demand for collimation since cropping is available during stead processing in CR.9. I think CR bounds patient radiation dosage.10. I feel that my competency on exposure technique factor choice is lesser in CR.Appendix 4 MentionBooksBallinger, PW, Frank ED Merill s Atlas of Radiographic Positions and Radiologic Procedure s,Volume 3, 9th erectile dysfunction. St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 1999Bloom BJ, erectile dysfunction. Taxonomy of Educational Aims Cognitive Domain. New York, NY DavidMcKay Company 1956.Bontrager, K, Lampignano, J Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy 7therectile dysfunction. Singapore, Mosby, 2010.Bushong, SC Radiologic cognizance for Engineers natural philosophys, Biology, and Protection, 9th erectile dysfunction. St.Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 2001.Callaway, W, Gurley, L Introduction to Radiologic Techology. Mosby-Year Book Inc. 1996.Cesar LJ Computed skiagraphy its impact on radiographers. Radiologic Technology 68225,1997.Dowd, SB. The profession s hereafter leading development. Radiologic Technology. 1992Fauber TL Radiographic Imaging and Exposure. ST. Louis, Mosby, 2000.Fauber, TL & A Johnston, J Necessities of Radiographic Physics and Imaging. Mosby. 2012.Klieme, E. et al.The Development of National Educational Standards An Expertness, BerlinBundesminister ium fur Bildung und Forschung. 2004.Lauer OG. Principles and Practices of the College-Based Radiography Program. St. Louis, Mo warren Green Inc 1984.More, C. Skill and the English Working Class, 1870-1914, London CroomHelm. ( 1980 )Piaget, J. La psychologie de lintelligence, genus Paris Colin.1947.Pizzutiello RJ, Cullinan JE Introduction to Medical Radiographic Imaging. Rochester, NY,Eastman Kodak Company, 1993.Shephard, C Radiographic Image employment and Manipulation. Nashville, Tenessee, 2003.Yumul, R. Introduction to Radiologic Technology with Science, Technology and Society.Manila. 2012DiariesSiddiqui, Nazlee & A Khandaker, Shahjahan. Comparison of Services of Public, Private andForeign Hospitals from the Perspective of Bangladeshi Patients. 2007.Balasubramanian, Siva K. and Wagner A. Kamakura, August. Measuring Consumer attitudestowards the market topographic point with tailored interview , Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 26. 1989.Unpublished ThesissPabunag, Richard e t Al. Level of Professional Competence of Radiologic Technologist inDavao City on Factor Selection of X-rays of Skull, Extremities and Chest . Davao City. 2008.Online BeginningsEnfinger, Jeremy. Subjects in Radiography. April 22, 2012Medicalxray.com.cn July 12/2010Dicomsolutions.com ( www.discomsolutions/ds-digital-radiology/acquire.html ) . 2011Dilulio, Renee. CR versus DR Which is the Techs Choice? ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.medicalimagingmag.com/issues/articles/2008-05_02.asp. May 2008hypertext transfer protocol //www.libraryindex.com/pages/1831/Health-Care-Institutions-TYPESHOSPITALS.html Health Care Institutions Types of Hospitals.2007Appendix 5 budgetary RequirementBUDGETARY RequirementManpower ( Representation fee/ Burden fee )Statistician 3,000Research Adviser 4500 ( Proposal, last(a) )Validators of Research Instruments ( 3 ) 900Meals and bites 1500 Subtotal P 9,900Transportation system Allowance2 calendar months 5,330Office Supplies ( booklets, paper, cartridg e, ink ) 1000A? of the Contingency Fund 1,623TOTAL P 17,853