Corporal Punishment in the Home and Spanking Varies

snappy im buzz offd on a baby brush off hold up a harmful or helpful effect on a tikes upbringing ABSTRACT Spanking a electric s fuddler is adept of the al most(prenominal) contr everywheresial and communicationed active corrective method in todays society. Rules and laws piddle changed to g overn the tr leftover we report our churlren in our homes, take aims and public places. Re attempt has shown a mild correlation amidst rattling(a) and farsighted marge physical, mental, unrestrained and internal ab social occasion on a pincer, patch a nonher(prenominal) seek dis evasive actions no long shapeinus effect on a baby bird except to say that at that place should be a noniceable distinction between abuse and vital.Statistics piss shown that many a nonher(prenominal) pargonnts cerebrate in toddleing electric razor when deemed necessary, while others mean that awake(p) fag end be seen as a form of chela abuse and that in that respect should be other positivist alternatives other than refreshful. A to a greater extent in depth perspicacity of the effect of snappy depends upon kind views of watchful, cultural norms, informal dangers, the racial color line, affects in early and afterward life, sortal puzzle, the polar bolts of merry as salutary as the lot behind a zippy.This enquiry writing volition lelucidate these views and issues as easily as the status of current question, the methodology contrastations and the belief of program line a positive alternative sort technique to nourishs. Ac have intercourseledgements in that respect ar many commonwealth that I would like to ac make doledge in my over either operation of my degree. 1st I would like to GOD for giving me the strength to anticipate being a full-of-the-moon judgment of conviction single p argonnt, a full cartridge holder working person and a full time student. I would like to acknowledge my father he was the brains behind most of my proje cts as tumesce as the push to succeed.My s rescuerren, who I endured most of the torment in my life for and net scarcely not least, my future husband Quentin that call for always precondition me the strength to take on the world. TABLE OF confine Page ABSTRACT iii Chapter I Introduction 6 rehearsal of the puzzle. 6 Assumption of the Study. . 6 Definition of basis. 7 Methodology 7 Chapter II Literature Review.. Chapter terzetto Methodology.. 21 line of business Selection and description. 21 orchestration . .. 22 Data assemblage Procedures. . 22 Data Analysis. 23 Limitations.. 23 Chapter IV Results.. 25 Chapter V Discussion 27 Limitations27 Conclusions. .. 8 Recommendations. 29 References.. 30 extension A Pagination. 33 Appendix B How to Thrive in Graduate School.. 34 Appendix C How to run low the Research Paper Experience 35 Chapter 1 Introduction Statement of the Problem While many of us were spanked as a small fry, our definition of spank varies among each indiv idual. What was finished with(p) in unrivaled habitation could have been different in the next household but the message came across the same. there have been many debates over bracing, roughly find out that it is okay to spank a nestling, close to who looking that a chela should never be spanked and in the long line there argon those who expression that a fry should except be spanked for a bad-tempered discernment. some(a) people sp pay offliness that refreshing support have a long consideration effect and those who feel that beat up will have no effect at all. Pur affectation of the Problem The purpose of this business is public awareness. many people do not know what spirited does to a childs physical, mental, emotional or sexual state.I would withal like to learn what the experts say tumesce-nigh and if it will have a long term effect on my children. Assumption of the Study thither are many assumptions about spanking that are published and unpublishe d. It is assumed that spanking will cause long term mental and sexual personal effects on a child. It is as wellhead as assumed that spanking cause no effect on a child at all. whatever experts can challenge that there is a fine line between spanking and beatings. It is my assumption that spanking could and could not do short and long term on a child, depending on the persona of spanking as well as the time limit for each spanking.Definition of Terms Spanking To clear up a child utilizing a knocking, paddle for the purpose improvement. Time Out To place a child in a definite spot (i. e a corner) for a specific amount of time as a disciplinary method. Limitation of the Study The limitation of this dissect is settles by those that spank, as well as the emf harm from this spanking. Methodology Two studies were conducted for this make-up. The starting is a study I conducted through collages and family members to obtain if their spanking will pose harm to their children. T his method was conducted using the Likert Scale.The second study was conducted by Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow to ensure if head for the hills / ethnicity was a agentive role in spanking children and manneral occupations. Chapter II Literature Review Spanking has a long history since the scratch line of time. It was noted that in Ancient Greece, it was customary for childless(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) women to visit the temple of Juno in A whences, to be cured of sterility by the priests of an. The women had to lie feeling down on the temple floor, and be whipped with a lash do of goats hide (our world). The Romans in addition told a story where naked men danced in the streets beating every char they came across.The girl was placed across the stifles of the sponsor, and then the girls arsehole was bared and strapped to the accompaniment of clashing cymbals. This spanking is alleged to last until the 16th century when the wife of the heir to the thr genius of France was childless. It was decided that a spanking would be administered daily to the princess. After a long period, she gave expect (our world). Spanking in the spiritual realm were a factor. The church as yet defined different types of whipping superior whippings on the back, while modest referred to the naked poise.Priests use whipping as a hold still fors of expiating sins. It was commonality for women, after confession, to retire to a priests room and have her bare bottom birched while resting on a specially designed kneeler (our world). Proverbs of the bible quotes different versus pertaining to spanking a child. Proverbs 1324 says he who economises the rod hates his son, but he who loves him is careful to bailiwick him (NIV). Proverbs 2313 says withhold not correction from the child for if thou beatest him with the rod, he shall not die (NIV).Proverbs 2314 says Thou shalt beat him with the rod, and shalt de do itr his just about dust from hell (NIV). These verses of the bible are what most people use as an free when they decide to delay their children. Pope Adrian, the first was the one that finally put an end to spanking in the church. Catherine de Medici was famous for her lust in see in women bare bottom whipped. She personally spanked them on the buttock with the palm of her hand, with great blows and fairly rough handling (our world). Spanking was not altogether a Europe event. In the United Stated, it was widely trus cardinalrthy for parents to spank their children.Dorothy Spencer published her Spencer Spanking Plan. In this plan she said that it was meant to turn up in marital bliss. It clearly defined when a man could spank his wife, and when a cleaning woman could whip her husband (our world). Eventually spanking became associated with tingling fantasy. Parenting across the globe has changed from year to year. Spanking varies depending on the different parenting entitle 1) The Martyr. This parenting style generally gives the child what they want. They oft try to please the child to make the child fill fulfilled.With this type of parenting style, children are less credibly to receive a spanking. 2) The pal parenting style is often displayed as the parent being a friend instead of an authoritative role in the childs life. The children generally do what they want with little interposition from the parent. With this type of parenting style, there is little hazard of a child receiving a spanking. 3) The Police officer of drill sergeant style of parenting is usually punitive or authoritative. This parenting style generally punishes for small offenses thus making spanking very liable(predicate). ) The teacher parenting style is pleased when the child asks for advice or vox populis. With this parenting style there is a slight chance of spanking. 5) The booster or the shoplifter is a parenting style where the parents are proud of their children accomplishments. This style of parents shows emotions when the chil dren do not live up to their expectations. There is a chance for spanking in this parenting style due to the high expectations of the parents. 6) The snoop is a parenting style by parents that are generally hard on their children. They have a deficiency of trust for their children.They listen to phone conversations, find them, search their bedrooms and hire private detectives. This parent will promising spank their children if the child sterilizes caught in a lie. The types of spanking administered to a child can determine what type of effects positive or negative a child will sustain early and later in life. I can remember a time when my mother use to spank my babe and I with what ever she had handy. Different types can vary from detention, bangs, strap, switches, paddles whips or many household items such as a shoe, brush or slipper.There are threesomesome different sits associated with spanking 1) Domestic model is the type of spanking that is usually administered by p arent or guardian. 2) Judicial model is the type of spanking that is administered authorities figure such as a prison guard. This type of spanking is in any case common in mention camps and juvenile facilities. 3) Educational model is spanking that is administered in schools. Although many parents do not grant permission for their child to be spanked in school, there are 23 schools in the United States that still offer corporate punishment.Spanking a child is fage 90% of the time in one of two positions. The child is either laid across the knee of the parent or the child is made to stand in one position and is administered the licks. Other ways to administer a spanking to a child is called the diaper position. The child is laid on a matte surface and held legs up, by the ankles, and hit with an open hand upon the bare bottom (Wikpedia, 2007). Another position of spanking would be the child bent over a piece of furniture and touching their toes (Wikipedia, 2007).Spanking is bes ides minded(p) over a diaper (usually merely to emphasize humiliation, but not to cause pin), over clothing, over under(a)garments, or upon the bare buttocks depending on the amount of pain or humiliation intended the latter is great increased by witnesses, such as the household, the class, or even a school assembly (Wikipedia, 2007). There is greater responsibility when disciplining a child. many another(prenominal) parents feel that it is necessary to spank a child for the childs well being, others feel that because they were spanked as a child, they will spank their children.There are many things that get hold of to be through to establish a relationship with your child some include teaching a child to listen and building a bond between parent and child. If a spanking is in recite there are a depend of things that have to be considered (1) the number of swats to give a child and (2) how hard the swats need to be. There are advocated that are for and against spanking. The a dvocates for spanking feel that spanking is up to the parent stating that parents have the right to compound their children in the way they consider most take away.They as well as hold there is little evidence that moderate spanking is harmful. Many believe that insure problems among children have recently increased, and partially attribute the increase to the decline of both(prenominal) parental authority and the use of spanking (Wikipedia, 2007). Other people feel that spanking causes no long term harm or damage. It has been managed that when parents and children are engaged in a prolonged struggle for authority, the anger, bitterness that guide can cause emotional estrangement that far outweighs any mathematical negative effects from moderate spanking, while a sound spanking would clear the air.Some advocates for spanking comes from a behaviorist point of view, and argue that as spanking is a form of operant conditioning, the child associates certain behavior with the phy sical pain and/or humiliation ca employ by spanking. Since a childs learning process whitethorn be less complex than that of an adult, they claim that children are much(prenominal) than possible to be exploit by such a conditioning (Wikipedia, 2007). Advocates against spanking such as the American Academy of pediatric medicine (AAP, 1998) recommend that parents be encourage and assist in the development of methods other than spanking for managing undesired behavior (AAP, 1998).They goes throw out to say that the more children are spanked, the more anger they report as adults, the more likely they are to spank their own children, the more likely they are to approve of smasher a spouse, and the more marital involvement they experience as adults (AAP, 1998). The Natural Child Project list some(prenominal) reasons not to spank a child (1) Hitting your child teaches then to become hitters. (2) The child is simply responding in the only way he can. (3) penalizations distract t he child from learning how to resolve conflicts. (4) Spare the retinal rod and gravel the child 5) Punishment interferes with bond between parent and child. (6) Punishment can come to the fore to more frequent and dangerous actions against the child. (7) Anger and frustration becomes stored (8) somatogenetic punishment gives unfair message. (9) Physical punishment gives message that hitting is an appropriate way to express feelings (Hunt, 1997) Some negative effects of spanking is some children will have anxiety disorders, drug and alcohol problems, antisocial behavior and notion were more prevalent among adults who had been spanked as children.Other problems are that it is free for a parent to lose patience light swats can escalate after repeated failures at curtailing inappropriate behavior (Blaker). Some positive effects include stirring the children in the right bearings, making a child know right from wrong, kids will understand once they get older that they parents real ly care about their well being and the direction of their lives as a emergence of the spanking, and most of all spanking is a form of direct assure. When to spank and the circumstances surroundings spanking is gunslingerstantial knowledge.It is okay to spank a child when the child lies, steals, is dis reverent or disobedient or simply when the parent gets upset because they cannot take it anymore. A recent MSNBC article outlined some of the readers comments on their opinion about spanking. Rhonda feels that it all depends on your child. You have to match the check over to the child. Spanking should be utilize as a last animate when nothing else works (MSNBC, 2007). Although Rhonda feels that spanking should be utilize as a last resort, Sherry from Charlotte, North Carolina says that spanking is a personal decision to be made by the parent (MSNBC, 2007).While Chris from Omaha, Nebraska feels that not hitting, not slapping but spanking works. Spanking is a controlled form of d iscipline, not an emotional outburst, or reaction to being angry this is called hitting. There is a capacious battle between spanking and hitting and those who use spanking as an effective disciplinary measure will have no problem defending the practice session (MSNBC, 2007). I agree with Chris, spanking should not be done out of anger but as a mean of punishment to teach the child a lesson, or prevent the child from repeating the current situation.Bryan from Lake Worth Florida believes that it is a parental question that should be left up to the parent. They are the responsible ones, after all (MSNBC, 2007). Bryan has a good point parents should be the ones that dictate when and how a child gets a spanked. Parents have been given the smaller end of the stick when it comes to their children. Finally Greg from atomic number 13 feels that Spanking is the only effective method of child discipline. There is a difference between hitting and spanking, yet most experts think they are the same. Spanking is biblical and ordered by GOD.If God says it is OK we should listening (MSNBC, 2007). While Greg believes that spanking may be the only effective discipline, it also depends on the child and how spanking effects them. Cultural norms can play a big role when it comes to spanking. In the United States many people view spanking as a form of discipline, while some view it as an abusive model that may very well turn that child into an aggressive individual. Researchers from Duke University and other University around the world, conducted research to determine if culture plays a role in how parents spank their children.Of their yields they came to the conclusion that mothers in Thailand were least likely to physically discipline their children, followed by mothers in China, the Philippines, Italy, India, and Kenya, with mothers in Kenya most likely to physically discipline their children (Science Daily, 2005). They also found that more frequent use of physical discipl ine was less strongly associated with child aggression and anxiety when it was perceived as being more culturally accepted, but physical discipline was also associated with more aggression and discipline regardless of the perception of cultural acceptance (Science Daily, 2005).Jessica Lansford, Ph. D. , a research scientist at the Center for Child and Family Policy at Duke University also says a special parenting practice may become a problem only if parents use it in a cultural context that does not support the practice (for example, if they migrate from one country to another)(Science Daily, 2005). Other negative effects of spanking are that it can create an sleeper between pain and sexual pleasure. The buttock can be a childs sexual sense of the human anatomy. Spanking also trespasses on one of the bodys most private and sexual areas the buttock (Johnson, 2002).The sexual genius of the buttock is explained not only by their proximity to the genitals, but also by their high c oncentration of nerve endings which tracks directly to sexual nerve centers. Hence, the buttocks are a major focus of sexual signals (Johnson, 2002). They also go to say spanking can interfere with a childs normal sexual and psychological development. Slapping them can trigger effective and involuntary sensations of sexual pleasures and a child who buttock are spanked may experience deep and lasting sexual shame (Johnson, 2002).There are a large majority of experts that believe that children should not be spanked particularly girls. According to Jordan Riak, a retired school teacher and the executive director of Parents and teachers against emphasis in Education, when a girl is spanked by her father or paddled by a phallic school teacher, she is being trained to submit. Risk also go to say when a school district permits teachers to paddle girls it is climb those girls up to be victims of future anthropoid authority figures, whether it be a boyfriend, husband or employer.Many of the experts associate spanking with sexual desires. melt down and gender have a very big influence on spanking children. Does it make a difference who the child receives a spanking from? It is noted in the making of the slave that a woman spanking a boy teaches the boy to become submissive. She would have a check protective tendency toward her independent priapic offspring and would raise manly offspring to be dependant like her. Nature had provided for this type of balance. We lapse nature by bullwhipping to the point of death.By her being left alone, unprotected, with the male image destroyed, the ordeal caused her to move from her psychologically dependant state to a frozen, independent state (Lynch, 2005). In this independent state, she will raise her male and female offspring in reversed roles. She will train him to be mentally weak and dependant, but physically strong (Lynch, 2005). Because of this black children and male children are much more likely to be hit at home and school and spanking of boys tend to be more fearful, more frequent and more aggressive than girls.Ironically, the research shows that while collective punishment is counterproductive for all children, it is even more counterproductive for boys than girls (Wikipedia, 2007). Spanking is more common among low income parents, in the South, for boys, and by mothers, especially white mothers (those under age 33). Overall, older parents are less likely to use corporal punishment than teenageder parents (Day et al. , 1998 Straus and Stewart Walsh, 2002). Parents that choose to spank their children have to know how youthfulness a child should be when they first start receiving spankings.A analyze was conducted and it indicated that 94 partage of Americans spank their children by the time they are 3 or 4. About 36 portion of parents discipline their infants by slapping their hands or leg, spanking their buttock, pinching, shaking, hitting on the buttock with a belt or paddle, or slapping the infants face. More than half of the parents hit their children hit at age 12, a third at age 14, and 13 percent at age 17. Hitting a child with a belt or paddle is most common for children aged 5 to 12. (Straus and Stewart, 1998). There are many factitious beliefs when it comes to spanking.Some of the fact and fictions are (1) Spanking is an effects way to manage behavior. Spanking is not a way to stop a child from misbehaving. It will only make a child misbehave more and can develop many problem because of the spanking. (2) I got hit when I was a kid and I moody out okay Because some people who were spanked turned out to live good and health lives, not all are so lucky. (3) If we dont spank our children, they will grow up to be rotten. A child being rotten does not come from a lack of spanking. There are many children who grow up rotten while being spanked. 4) The bible says Spare the Rod and molder the child and I must obey God. The bible also says that children sho uld honor thy mother and thy father, which could the reason that they are so many delinquent children and serial killers. The bible is used as a support tool for the dos and the donts when it comes to disciplining children. A similar method could just as well been used to disengage slavery, suppression of women, polygamy, incest and infanticide. Basically to use the bible to spank is just an excuse (Block, 2007). Spanking imposed on a child early in life can have tremendous effect on a childs psychological state.The National longitudinal position of young Mother-Child Sample conducted a study on 1,966 children younger than two. The go outs of this study substantiate that behavioral problems do not affect children until after the age of 4 in certain races. White non Latino families have the high number of behavior problem associated with affects of mental, physical and behavioral problems as a result of spanking. Experts feel that spanking is no more effective than any other d iscipline. They feel that spanking is a short-term solution. Murray A.Straus, a professor of Sociology at the University of modernistic Hampshire and co-director of thats school Family Research Laboratory says it is no more effective than many other forms of discipline such as time outs, that work just as well in the short run and have no negative long term effects (Straus). Diana Baumrind, a research psychologist at the University of California feels that spanking is no more or less harmful than a mild scolding, timeout or other developmentally appropriate level and kind of punishment (MSNBC). The American Academy of Pediatrics is against spanking children.They feel that spanking children has potential side effects. Paul Frick, a researcher at Fisk University in New Orleans says that spanking and hitting can lead to later emotional and behavioral problems. Even children who are only smacked occasionally are more likely to show signs of depression or lower self esteem (MSNBC). My personal view of spanking is that it should be administered only when warranted. Children should not be spanked when a parent had reached a boiling limit. I believe that if children are not spanked they have a higher chance of develop disrespectful tendencies.Spanking not only curbs a childs attitude but it makes them more respectful to adults and authority. Society places labeled on children that misbehave and often blames the parents, but at the same time parents that spank their children are often ridiculed by their peers and society. I believe that other alternative methods should be tried in advance a spanking is given but if the other means do not work, then spank the child. Because spanking is one of the renowned topics discussed annually, Interviews as well as surveys are also conducted annually. first rudimentNEWS conducted a poll on if most Americans approved spanking they found that by a public result by a 2-1 margin, many people approve spanking. In their study they fo und that 65 percent of Americans approved spanking, they also found that 50 percent of parents spanked their children while 45 percent do not (ABCNEWS). ABC says that there is a regional difference among southerners and the rest of the country. 73 percent of southerners approved of spanking children compared to the 60 percent elsewhere. This ABCNEWS poll was conducted by telephony Oct 25-29 in a random sample of about 1015 adults.The use of interviews makes a big difference in gaining public opinion and expert opinion. I conducted a survey of about 16 people on Feb 16 to get public (co workers, friends and family) opinion on if they believe that spanking harms or helps a child. These subjects were selected by race, age, marriage status, children or no children. 100 percent of the subjects believed that children should be spanked when appropriate or to teach a lesson, they also feel that it is appropriate to use belts and a verbal warning should be given before rendering a spanking. 0 percent of the respondents believed that child delinquents were spanked as a child while the other 50 percent believe that they were not. 100 percent of these subjects were spanked as a child and believes that if a child is spanked they will not grow up aggressive, hit others, feel bruise or become angry. There were no considerable differences in those who feel spanking will have a harmful long term effect. Those opposed to spanking children believes that there are other methods for discipline children. Preventing or discouraging bad behavior is also more effective than sullen the child.Preventing measures include avoiding situations that may cause trouble, distracting the child with positive activities, ignoring minor transgressions that have few consequences and rewarding good behavior. Placing children in time out is the most effective way to manage disruptive behavior once it has occurred. Parents should logical and fair in their interactions with children and should inve st time in i. e. , special time each day devoted to the relationship. (Walling). The future of spanking is determined by those that utilize it. Many people believe that spanking will some day be banned.Many lawmakers have introduced excite that may potential change the way we spank our children. California Democratic assembly woman Sally Lieber introduced a bill that would outlaw this behavior with children under 4. If the bill becomes law, that parent in the parking lot could be charged with a misdemeanor punishable by a year in detain or a fine of up to $1,000 (MSNBC). Until we as Americans are forced to give up the practice of spanking, spanking will remain one of the most controversial and researched topic. Chapter III Methodology While many of us were spanked as a child, we continue to spank our children for the reasons we see fit.Spanking children could pose some behavioral problems for some while no problems at all for others. There have been many debates over spanking thi s chapter will delivery the studies conducted to verify if spanking poses any threat to children. It is determined that at least 94% of children have been spanked in the last year. A National opinion administered by the Commonwealth Fund found that 11% of parents reported spanking their child 6 to 11 months of age, 36% reported spanking a child 12 to 17 months and 59% reported spanking a child 18 to 23 months of age (Slade and Wissow, 2003).Drs Slade and Wissow conducted research by race to determine if spanking associates itself with behavioral problems in children under 4. Subject Selection and Description Using info from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Mother-Child (NLSY-MC), participants were selected using multistage stratified samples of dwellings, and group quarters. In the beginning, there were about 75,000 dwellings, over sampling African and Latino Americans and disadvantaged white. This selection focussed on children under 21 in the home surroundings and ch ild development.Starting in 1986 and continuing every two years thereafter, the NLSY-MC had 4845 children, 2879 were excluded for because of follow up interviews or had not yet attended preschool or elementary school. Other exclusion include missing values of child behavior and the use of spanking (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Of the exclusions of the study, 28. 2% vs. 23. 0 P 119, which stated that 10% children in this range have more frequent and more severe behavior problems than the other 90% of children in the United States (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Data Collection ProceduresThe entropy collected for the procedure were used using a likelihood ratio statistics to test the null hypothesis that probit model coefficient estimates were the same for the three ethnics / sub samples. Rejections of this hypothesis were used to determine if separate analyses by race/ethnic worked better for the data. The number of spankings was entered into the probit models as a quadratic term by spanking frequency and square of spanking frequency. Past research showed that the relationship between spanking and behavioral problems is nonlinear, with larger marginal effects observed at greater spanking frequencies. Slade and Wissow, 2003) Data Analysis During this study, models were used for each variable using full sample and 3 sub samples (white, African Americans and Latino Americans). The purpose of separating the samples was for the association of race and physical discipline of child behavior problems. The change in children who exhibited the outcome of change delineate the estimated effect of a 1-unit increase in value of children who had bpi of 119 or those that displayed behavioral problems in school.For the dichotomous variable, the marginal effect change in value from 0 to 1 of children with those outcomes (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Some measures could have been correlated the samples included 1 child per mother. Out of the 1540 samples used, 75% of mothers had one child, 21% of mothers had two children, 2% had three children and . 4% of mothers had four children used in this study. Limitations Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow encountered some(prenominal) limitations white conducting this study.First, the father of the children and other adults were not conducted, so there is not way of determining if the spankings were administered by the mother, father, or both. Second, they found that the limitation of this data to be influenced because of the order associated between spanking and behavioral problems. Third, there is no available information available on other forms of punishments used on these children. They believe that other forms of punishments may also lead to other behavioral problems. Other rating behavioral problems by mothers but were not confirm by an independent observation.Fourth, fewer than half of the obtained samples were in the Hispanic Americans and African Americans sub samples that limited associations of spanking and behavior proble ms which apply only to 8% to 13% of the overall sample. Fifth, many children from the National Longitudinal Survey of youth Mother-Child Sample (NLSY-MC) were excluded from this study because of missing information representing 59% of eligible children. Many of the participants did not attend follow up interviews which makes the samples more bias toward African American and Hispanic Americans. These biases might have reduced the magnitude of the association of spanking frequency and behavioral problems are likely to have been comparatively more common among low-income whites whose children were excluded from this sample (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Chapter IV Results The results of the study show differences (p . 05) among the three sub samples. They indicate that the white non Hispanic respondents were from a higher socioeconomic background than those of the black and Hispanic backgrounds. Income factors were higher for White families ($46,400), followed by Hispanic families ($35,20 0) and Africa American families ($26,300).Comparing all three groups white mothers were more likely to be married (87. 8 % vs. 45. 5% and 75. 0%). They were more likely to have completed at least 12 years of educate (46. 7% vs. 38. 2% and 31. 7%), were older, and were more likely to read to their children (68. 2% vs. 39. 1% and 40. 1%). African American mothers compared to white mothers, white mothers were spanked their children less often than black mothers, they were more likely to display positive interaction with their children, they were less likely to have parent-teacher meeting about child behavior, and they were less likely to have BPI scores of 119.African American mothers compared to Hispanic mothers, Hispanic mothers were more likely to be married (75. 0% vs. 45. 5%), and they were less likely to spank their children (2. 7 times vs. 4. 0 times) (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Associations of spanking and behavior problems were positive and prodigious with children that requir ed parent-teachers conferences (x2 = 9. 807, P = . 007) and with the children that have BPI scores of 119 (x2 = 8. 901, P = . 012). This association differs among the three races. The white families showed that there is an significant and positive correlation with behavior problems and spanking (x2 = 17. 68, P . 001), African American families being slightly positive and found not to be statistically significant (x2 . 666, P = . 717), Hispanic families was negative and found not to be statistically significant (x2 = . 010, P = . 995). These results show that African American children and Hispanic children were more likely to have behavioral problems when they were not spanked. White children who were spanked more frequently also displayed higher behavioral problems than those of Hispanic and African American children (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Chapter V Discussion / FindingsSeveral important factors emerged from this paper as well as the different studies conducted for research on this topic. Overall, most parents not only reported using spanking as a means of imperative their childs behavior but believes that spanking could pose no long term harm to their child as a result of spanking. In my study that I explored the association of spanking children to long term mental, physical, and sexual behaviors. I found that most of the respondents agree that they have spanked their children when warranted, they also believes that spanking their children was a way to control future behavioral problems.In the study conducted by Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow, they explored the associations of spanking frequency before age 2 with children risk of developing behavioral problems. Among the children in their study, there were substantial predictors for the children developing behavioral problems especially at schools. They addressed some(prenominal) possibilities that may be associated with the differences among the racial groups. They believe that spanking is greatly accepted among the African American group which means that they view spanking as less uncut and fair.In White families, where spanking is not used too often, children before the age of 2 could lead to other developmental problem for the child and problems for the parents. African Americans children were found in all studies to pose a higher risk for behavioral problems. Limitations As stated before there were several(prenominal) limitations encountered while conducting research on this paper. The only limitations that I encountered with my study were how often a child should be spanked, what a child should be spanked with and the difference between a spanking and a beating.The way I was spanked as a child, I would never spank my children that way. My mother basically used anything close to her hands to hit or throw. I got spanked with extension cords, broom sticks, hands, pans, clothes, tree branches and shoes. These limitations did not have an impact on this paper and the research that wa s conducted. It gave me a better insight as to other people opinion and what others thought about effective disciplinary actions that should be imposed on a child. The limitations of the study conducted by Dr. Slade and Dr.Wissow was the (1) not knowing the adults that spanked the child, (2) a magnitude of behavioral problems an spankings, (3) no available information on the forms of punishments used, (4) the overall samples used for research were limited and (5) 59% of the participants were excluded from the study. Conclusions The findings of this research are simple. Effective discipline works for different individual. If a child is spanked they will grow up no less rotten or worse than a child who was not. A child can be spanked for different reasons using different methods. Spanking of long term effects draws a line of spanking and beatings.For us that were spanked as a child, we felt that we grew up without any problems. Some people feel that spanking does physical, emotional, mental and sexual harm to the child that is being spanked. The way a child grows up and the life they lead is not determined by the numbers of spanking that child receives. There is no knowledge or proven fact that spanking harms or helps a child, there is only personal and expert opinion. Recommendations As I conducted research on this topic, I thought of several recommendations that could be done to curb not only public opinion but the right for parents to spank their children the way they see fit.The public opinion could be one of the harshest opinions that a parent has to encounter. There is a fine line between beating and spankings it is the public responsibility for self awareness. It is up to the public to research and acquire information about spankings before passing judgment. Parents need to know the potential associated risks for spanking children, as well as the upsides and downsides of spanking children. Parents need to also try other alternative methods before imposing a spanking on a child. References A improvident History of Spanking. (2007). Retrieved June 15, 2007, from httpourworld. compuserve. om/homepages/moonglowDC/ earn/History. htm American Academy of Pediatrics. (1998). Guidance for Effective hold back. Pediatrics, vol. 101. n4pp723-728. Bradley , RH, Corwyn RF, McAdoo, HP and Coll CG (2001). The home environment of children in the United States part 1 variation by age, ethnicity, and leanness status. Child Dev,721844-1867 Baumrind, D. (1996). A blanket injunction against disciplinary use of spanking is not warranted by the data. (The Short and long -Term Consequences of Corporal Punishment achievement of a conference, February 9 and 10, 1996 in Elk Grove Village, Illinois). electronic version Pediatrics, v98. n4pp828(4). Benokraitis, N. facelift Children Prospect and Pitfalls. Marriages and Families. Changes, Choices and Constraints. New Jersey Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005. 5th ed. Blaker, K. Spare the Rod, Spoil the child? The Negative Effects of Spankingand Some Healthy Alternatives. Mothering. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from http/www. mothering. com/articles/growing_child/discipline/spare_the_rod. html Block, N. (2000). Abandon the Rod and Save the Child electronic version. The Humanist, 60. 2 p5. Block, N. (2007). Discipline at Home (EPOCH USA).Spanking Fact and Fiction. Retrieved June 13, 2007 from http//www. stophitting. com/disathome/factAndFiction. php Campbell, S. (2002). Spare the rod to spare the child? Corporal Punishment remains popular in America, disdain associated risks. (Parenting). (Brief Article) electronic version. Psychology Today, 35. 5p26(1) Clayton, V. (2007). Discipline debate Spanking gets a timeout. Proposed Calif. justice reignites battle over best way to deal with unruly tots. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from http//www. msnbc. msn. com/id/16929303/ write/1/displaymode/1098 Colvard, K. (1996). Spanking and triage. The Short and long -Term Consequences of Corporal Punishment talk of a conference, February 9 and 10, 1996 in Elk Grove Village, Illinois). electronic version Pediatrics, v98. n4pp807(2). Corporal Punishment takes research hit. (Behavior). (Brief Article). (2002). Science News. 162. 5p77(1). Huffman, B. (1995). Use of spanking as discipline by mothers of young children. (includes editors note) (adapted from Pediatrics) (Tips from other Journals). electronic version. American Family Physician. V51. n6pp1586(2). Hunt, J. (1997). hug drug Reasons Not to Hit Your Kids. Retrieved June 13, 2007 from http//www. aturalchild. org/jan_hunt/tenreasons. html Johnson, T. (2002). The Sexual Dangers of Spanking Children. Retrieved June 13, 2007, from http//www. nospank. net/sexdngrs. htm Kirchner, J. (1998). childishness spanking and increased antisocial behavior. (Tips from other Journals). American Family Physician. V57. n4pp798(1). Lemonick, M. (1997). Spare the Rod? Maybe. (how spanking affects children later in life). electronic version. Time. V15. n8pp6 5(1). Lynch, W. (2005). Willie Lynch letter Making of a Slave. Retrieved June12,2007 from http//www. finalcall. com/artman/publish/printer_2167. shtml Rice, M. (2001).Experts Spanking Harms Children, Especially Girls. Womens E News. Retrieved June 12, 2007 from http//www. womensenews. org/article. cfm/dyn/aid/662/context/archieve Slade, EP. , and Wissow, LS. (2004). Spanking in early Childhood and Later Behavior Problem A Prospective Study of Infants and Young Toddlers. Pediatrics. Vol. 113. n5 Spanking Leads To Child incursion And Anxiety, Regardless Of Cultural Norm (2005). Science Daily. Retrieved June 12,2007, from http//www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2005/11/051114110820. htm Spare the Rod. New International Version Bible Retrieved June 13, 2007 from http//www. bible. comSpurgeon, D. (1999). Study leads to a call for an end to spanking. The Western Journal of Medicine. P381 Straus, M. (1996). Spanking and the making of a violent society. (The Short and long -Term Consequence s of Corporal Punishment Proceeding of a conference, February 9 and 10, 1996 in Elk Grove Village, Illinois). electronic version Pediatrics, v98. n4pp837(6). Straus, M. (1998). The Behavorial Mearsurement Letter. Behavioral Mearsurement Database Service, v5. n2pp3. To Spank or Not? Readers talk back. Many parents stand up to experts and support a smack on the bottom. (2007). Retrieved from http//www. msnbc. msn. om/id/17010115/print/1/displaymode/1098/ Walling, A. D. (2000). Discipling Children Without Spanking. American Family Physician. 62. 10 p2344. Wellbery C. (2005). Effects of spanking in early childhood. (Tips). electronic version. American Family Physician. 71. 6p1188. Appendix A Pagination Appendix B How to Thrive in Graduate School There are several things that could be done to thrive in graduate school. The first is dedication. If you are not dedicated to school, there is no chance that achievement will happen. The second are goals. In order to accomplish the line of wo rk of completing graduate school, goals must be set and completed.Graduate school takes determination. If success is not determined by those that strive to succeed, there is no chance of completing graduate school. Time is another important factor in completing graduate school. A person must know how to manage their time for school and personal issues. In order to survive graduate school, a person must want it. Appendix C How to survive the Research Paper Experience Since I have survived several research paper experiences, this being the hardest, I believe that in order to survive this experience take a lot of time and discipline.I found it to be difficult with finding the best material for the paper. Some of the materials were 30 or more pages, which must be read through to get accurate information. Researched papers are detailed and defined with information that could possible have future use. There must be a dedication to ensure that the paper is completed and turned in on time a nd a second pair of eyes on the paper to ensure no mistakes are made. Surviving a research paper is somewhat frustrating especially if time does not permit but once the paper is completed there is a sense of fulfillment. 2 4 13