Iraq Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Iraq Today - Essay Example The need for a strong leadership has never been greater. Internal strife only adds confusion and destruction to the rehabilitation process in Iraq. Questions often rise if the removal of Saddam Hussein is the rightful thing to do. No one in this part of the Middle East is influential enough to subdue the conflict that is inhibiting Iraq. The plan for a complete reconstruction of Iraq lies in shambles. "As US troops have learned in the months since the statues fell in Baghdad, rebuilding Iraq is no easy task--but neither is it beyond the realm of possibility" (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IBR/is_3_33/ai_109580224/pg_2). There are just too many players who want to get a piece of the action. Intervening agencies and organizations have motives of their own. The American contingent promises a swift and effective way of turning the Iraqi instability around. But years after, things are back to where it all started. Destruction continues to exist. For many, the campaign to remove Saddam Hussein never left. Its presence is very much visible today in a repressed Iraq. There are numerous works to be done to get things going for the Iraqi people. But if the current situation doesn't subside soon, growth and development will take longer than expected. Without a true leader, the Iraqis have no one to turn to. All they have is a government without a clout, several sectarian groups and an intervening superpower country. The main problem in this divided nation is an influential figure. At present, it is ironic to say that everyone sees himself as the savior. Party heads set their sights on the highest position of the land. In a society on transition, it is difficult to find a rightful ruler who can unite the... The researcher states that the United States and the United Nations wanted a balance of power in the Middle East since the 1980s. There is chaos across the Arab land today. Islamic countries are busy jockeying for position to wield their influence. Iran further complicates the situation when it engages Iraq in a conflict along the border area. The war is of extreme significance since it strengthens Saddam Hussein’s place in Iraqi politics. The country regains its territories which are formerly occupied by neighboring Iran. Hussein’s regime has been a formidable presence in keeping the country intact amidst some minor skirmishes within its government. Saddam Hussein is gone now. But the situation in Iraq is far from being stable. The world watches the Iraqi reconstruction with a mixed feeling of apprehension and excitement. It has been initially predicted that Iraq in particular and the Middle East in general will be a safer place without Saddam. But years after the UN-s upported coalition remove the dictator from power, the situation remains grim and unpromising. The plan for a complete reconstruction of Iraq lies in shambles. â€Å"As US troops have learned in the months since the statues fell in Baghdad, rebuilding Iraq is no easy task, but neither is it beyond the possibility†. The researcher then concluds that Iraq is in a crisis all its own. The internal crisis on hand is further being drawn by different groups into a state of upheaval. It is sad, because the people have been waiting to live in peace and harmony.

GraduateWriters.net Mission to Help Students Achieve Academic Excellence Essay Example for Free

GraduateWriters.net Mission to Help Students Achieve Academic Excellence Essay PHOENIX, AZ, JUNE 24, 2014 /PRESSRELEASEPING/ ACADEMIC WRITING IS AN IMPORTANT ACTIVITY done by every student, at all level of education in order to satisfy course work requirement. Students are required to undertake a variety of academic writing task that could range from short essays, assignments, SAT, IELTS or lengthy term papers, dissertations and thesis. This type of writing could be done either under time demanding pressure or syllabus requirement. As a result students are expected to output a number of papers at the end of each day, week, semester or term. But such time demanding output doesn’t always guarantee quality of resultant paper, says Peter Wartson consultant at GraduateWriters. net. In fact a research by National Academic Council for Academic Excellence found that many students resort to borrowing or stealing the work of others in order to beat deadlines and as result the rate of plagiarism has become so common place, that if every student who plagiarized was to be flunked, the rate of dropout will be worse than that massive open online learning courses (MOOC). â€Å"With this in mind many students sort the services of freelance  academic writers, who are seen as the first level examiners. They guide students on how to structure their research papers, perform proof reading and help students to avoiding mistakes related to grammar, spelling, phrasing and plagiarism. states Peter, â€Å"Freelance academic writers, should not be confused with people who helps students achieve shortcut by doing their assignments, no they are honest writers who guide students the way a teacher will do†. While this may help students reduce stress related to academic demand, some concerns has  been raised concerning the qualification of writers who handle students’ academic work. Mary White an academic consultant at GraduateWriters. net, stated that â€Å"Students should look at the pool of writers a freelance company has, example GraduateWriter. net, is comprised of only graduate writers who have various qualification in their field of interest that range from MSc, MBA, MRes, EM, LLM, MEng, MA, Phd, and DS. At that company, writers undergo series of test approved by our senior writers to ascertain academic prowess and professional skills in writing and research. The advantage of this pool of workforce is that clients are always guaranteed the best quality writing and editing service, which cannot be found elsewhere on the Internet. Writers are specialist, with background in Education, Medicine, Nursing, Finance, Communication, Media, Arts, Humanities, Social Sciences, Engineering, IT, Law etc. Other qualities that prospective student should look at before selecting an academic writing company include privacy and security, originality, timeliness, quality, revision policy, orders tracking, support and response to queries. A lot of emphasis should be placed on privacy as it is not only a right but a demand that every users online should be guaranteed of. If an online company published a student paper online, without their formal approval, it could lead to plagiarism and dismissal from school. Therefore students should look for companies that adhere with privacy policies and not let third party have access to their client papers. articulates Peter. ABOUT GRADUATEWRITERS. NET Graduate Writers is an academic editing and writing company that help student in carrying out  research work, gives advice on writing, referencing and proof reading. The company is composed of Graduate writers with specialties in field which can be advantageous to students. PO Box 89670 Phoenix, AZ Peter Wartson Graduate Writers LLC +1-480-409-1822 [emailprotected] net http://graduatewriters. net Source URL: http://pressreleaseping. com/graduatewritersnet-mission-help-students-achieve-academic- excellence.

Connecting Time, Beauty, and Language :: Borger The Secret Miracle Literature Essays

Connecting Time, Beauty, and Language Our class has been pondering language. People have asked each other, 'do you think in words?' Some have suggested that when we are involved in activities such as chess or tennis, we do not think in words, but rather act from an intuitive space that needs no language. Our class has also been pondering time. We have reminded each other of a paradox that exists in our everyday lives: we cannot be truly in the moment, for as soon as we consciously start trying to be in the moment, we have removed ourselves from the moment. There is the idea of that nebulous, nameless space proposed in both lines of thought which begs to be connected. I am led to questions: Can we connect time and language? In other words, can "being in the moment" in the sense of our perception of time mean that we are finally centered in that wordless space where we act from instinct? I can trace this thread of questioning to a Borges story ("The Secret Miracle") that I love wherein a man is sentenced to death by firing squad. He prays to god to be given enough time to finish his play before he dies, and god freezes time (the shadow of a bee on the stones near his feet remains motionless, and puffs of cigarette smoke from the soldiers' mouths hang immobile in the air). The man cannot move, yet he can think. He spends his time (or his out-of-time) working on his play, and when he finally feels it is done, the normal course of time resumes and he is shot to death. While intense experiences of immersion in a moment may not take this form, Borges creates an interesting commentary on the notion of being in the moment. The man is frozen in the moment in most senses of the word, though he is able to think and to use language to define his situation. The idea that I am working with suggests that it is only when we pull back from a moment that we engage with language in order to describe the activities that were, in a sense, timeless only moments before. The man before the firing squad is given the luxury of both the moment and the ability to reflect on it. This raises another interesting question. If "time" is frozen and no one moves, what kind of scale is the man's mind working on?

Dehydration Lab Report

Dehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol February 10, 2013 Introduction This experiment was done to demonstrate the practical use of dehydration reactions and produce three different products. Dehydration reactions are reactions that involve the leaving of an â€Å"-OH† or â€Å"-H† group resulting in the formation of a double bond between two carbons. For the experiment we used 2-Methylcyclohexanol as a beginning reagent to dehydrate and possibly form 3-methylcyclohexene, 1-methylcyclohexene, or methylenecyclohexane.Drierite ® (Calcium Sulfate) was used as a drying agent to help break the alcohol and hydrogen groups from the carbons. Concentrated phosphoric acid was used as a catalyst to help move the reaction towards the products motioned above. To determine the successfulness of the experiment and the amount of product(s) recovered, IR spectroscopy, Gas Chromatography and percent yield calculations were used. Equations and Structures 6. References 1. â€Å"18. Dehydrat ion of 2- Methylcyclohexanol. † Organic Chemistry Lab 2040L. XU Chemistry, n. d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. 2. Material Safety Data Sheet 2-Methylcyclohexanol. † Http://www. coleparmer. com/Assets/Msds/97403. htm. Coleparmer, 19 Mar. 1998. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. 3. â€Å"Material Safety Data Sheet Methylcyclohexane. † Sciencelab. com. Science Lab, 09 Oct. 2005. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. 4. Helmenstine, Anne M. , Ph. D. â€Å"How to Write a LabA  Report. † About. com Chemistry. About. com Guide, n. d. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. . 5. â€Å"Theoretical Yield. † Theoretical Yield. Ed. University of Colorado at Boulder. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, n. d. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. . 7. Data Chemicals In Experiment| B.P. | Amount Used| **Observations| 2-Methylcyclohexanol| 164-166 °C | 0. 75mL| Colorless liquid that had similar smell to gasoline. | Calcium Sulfate (Drierite ®)| 1193 °C| Half Hickman Still| White powder that resembled kitty litter. | Phosphoric Acid| 158  °C| Approx. 1mL| Clear liquid & Odorless| 3-Methylcyclohexene| 104 °C| N/A| Colorless liquid that had similar smell to gasoline. | 1-Methylcyclohexene *| 110 °C| N/A| Colorless liquid that had similar smell to gasoline. | Methylenecyclohexane| 102 °C| N/A| Colorless liquid that had similar smell to gasoline. *Major Product **Not All Observations were noted in lab manual, many stated are from memory from the experiment. Observations: It took a lot of time for the Hickman Still to display any signs of condensation. The sand bath was adjusted to â€Å"60† power when â€Å"40† did not yield any visible results. The addition of a lid to the Hickman Still seemed to expedite the entire process. Colorless liquid began to collect rapidly in the first section of the Hickman Still. Weight of Vial without Product| 4. 284 grams| Weight of Vial with Product| 4. 550 grams| Weight of Product| 0. 266 grams|Theoretical Yield| 0. 63 grams| Percent Yield of Product| 42% of Produc t was Recovered| GC Interpretation: The GC reading showed 3 peaks that were the products and one blip that is attributed to the air in the system. The different boiling points of the different molecules in the sample cause the different peaks to be expressed in the GC. Of the 3 peaks, 1-Methylcyclohexene proved to be the most abundant product due its large area percentage. Percent Air| Ignore| Percent Methylenecyclohexane| 1. 64555 = 2%| Percent 3-Methylcyclohexene| 17. 97600 = 18%| Percent 1-Methylcyclohexene| 79. 8650 = 80%| IR Spectroscopy Reading of Sample Gas Chromatography Data 8. Calculations 9. Conclusions In conclusion, we were successfully able to dehydrate 2-Methlycyclohexanol to synthesize all three of the above products most notably 1-Methylcyclohexene. Adding approximately 1mL of 83% concentrated phosphoric acid to serve as the catalyst to the starting reagent and using calcium sulfate as a desiccant in the Hickman Still allowed the reaction to occur. The process of ge tting the products to condense on the first section of the Hickman Still took quite a while of time.After the product was collected, IR spectroscopy was used to determine the chemical make up and purity of the product. The IR reading of the product collected in comparison to the IR of the starting reagent 2-Methylcyclohexanol showed in the 3400 cm? 1 that the –OH had went from a broad peak to a small blip. This gives evidence to the degree of successfulness of the dehydration preformed but also shows that some –OH was still in the product. The hypothetical GC data provided for this experiment demonstrates the purity of the sample along with the percent of each molecule found in the product. -Methlcylcohexene proved to be the major product of the reaction due to the 80% area in the GC data and the regions expressed in the IR reading. Due to human errors such as not allowing enough time for the product to collect, using more desiccants than needed, allowing for the tempe rature of the sand bath to reach the boiling point of 2-Methylcyclohexanol or not retrieving the entire product, the percent yield was only 42%. The experiment is considered a success because all the expected products were produced and very little –OH was found in the sample.

Business cycle Essay

Discuss the phases of business cycle. Suggest Suitable Fiscal policy and monetary policy to overcome the recession in economy. Business Cycle – A business cycle is also known as trade cycle. It implies wave like fluctuations in the level of economic activity, particularly in national income a, employment and output. It is a short term picture of the behaviour of real output in a private enterprise economy. Business cycle refers to upturn and downturn in the level of economic activity that extends over a period of time. The business fluctuations occur in aggregate variable such as national income, employment and price level. The variables nearly move at the same time and in the same direction. However they vary in duration and intensity. Cyclic fluctuations have the following features: †¢Wave line movements – ocyclical fluctuations are wave like movements and are recurrent in nature ocharacterized by alternation of expansions( prosperity) and contraction ( depression) in economic activity oare repetitive and rhythmic ocontains oscillating movements in the form of waves from peak to trough and trough to peak †¢Synchronic – oEntire business of an economy acts like an organism oAny happening on economic front affects the entire economy oAnd through the mechanism of international trade affects entire world oexample -The Great depression 1929 †¢Cumulative – oProcess of expansion and contraction is of cumulative and self-reinforcing in nature oMoves in same direction until external forces reverses its direction †¢Self-generating forces – oIt can terminate the period of prosperity and start depression oCannot have definite period of prosperity or depression †¢Non identical – oPeriod of trade cycle are not identical although they recur with great regularity †¢Not symmetrical oPeak and trough are not symmetrical oMovement from upward to downward is more sudden and violent than that from downward to upward oDownturn is sharp and steep oIt is relatively narrow at its peak and flatter at its trough Phases of business cycle: A business cycle can be divided into four phases. They are shown in the fig 1.1 The phases are: 1.Expansion or prosperity or the upswing 2.Recession or upper-turning point 3.Contraction or depression or downswing 4.Revival or recovery or lower turning point These phases are recurrent and uniform in case of different cycles. But no phase has definite periodicity or time intervals. A business cycle starts from trough or low point, passes trough a recovery and prosperity phase, rises to peak, declines through a recession and depression phases and again reaches a trough. 1)Expansion or prosperity or the upswing or peak or Boom – The top of a business cycle is called Peak or Boom or prosperity phase. In the boom period, the overall business activity is rising at a more rapid rate. There is a rise in real output and incomes of the people. There is a rise in production, prices, employment, wages, interest rates, profits and in the volume of bank credit. The general mood of the businessmen is that of optimism and commercial. The industrial activity both speculative and non-speculative shows remarkable expansion. Construction activity gets a big boost. Share markets give good gains to the investors. Financial institutions tend to expand credit. In the words of Haberler. ‘‘Prosperity is ‘a state of affairs in which the real income consumed, real income produced and the level of employment are high or rising and there are no idle resources or unemployed workers or very few of either†. During prosperity period, there is a high level of demand for capital goods and consumer goods and services. Risky investments are undertaken by the entrepreneurs. Inefficient firms enter into the market and manage to survive. The high level of demand for the various inputs creates shortage of some of them. Inflation goes up. The economy becomes supply constrained. The state of prosperity proves to be short lived and the downturn of its period starts. 2) Recession or upper-turning point – The end of prosperity comes and enters into recession. Recession is a slowdown of business activity. In recession employment and output both decline. The forces which bring the contractionary phase of business fluctuations (recession) are as follows: a) As prices of the commodities rise the wages of the workers tend to lag behind. The reduction in the purchasing powers of the workers brings down the demand for consumer goods b) Due to shortage of some inputs the expansion in production of goods is hampered. c) The non-availability of credit beyond a particular limit of expansion acts as a serious brake on prosperity. The financial institutions begin to recover the loans. The firms which are unable to pay back the loans begin to liquidate their stocks. When more firms sell their output at the same time the price level starts falling. If a few firms get involved in losses a wave of pessimism runs through the share markets. The firms begin to curtail production. Workers are laid off. The outstanding orders for raw materials are cancelled. The new projects are shelved. The wave of pessimism passes on to other sectors of the economy and the businessmen become panicky and the whole economic system runs into crisis. Then the next stage of business cycle called depression starts. 3)Depression or Trough or downswing – Depression is the most fearful stage of a trade cycle. The phase of depression (also called slump) is characterized by low economic activities, rapid decline in general output and employment. The decline in economic activity is not uniform. There is much more decline in output in manufacturing mining construction transport industries. However there is comparatively less contraction in output in retail trade and agriculture. In slump, there is a marked fall in the average prices of the commodities. The costs are relatively higher the profits of the entrepreneurs decline. The purchasing power of the money is high but due to low income there is too much contraction in effective demand for consumer goods. The expenditure on capital goods or its replacement greatly falls Most of the firms reduce their output or close down. The income of the shareholders goes down. Depression or slump leads to redistribution of national income Profits and wages fall faster relatively to rent and other fixed incomes. The bankers  follow the policy of credit contraction. Due to dull business conditions producers are also reluctant to borrow funds Summing up in a period of slump there is negative net investment by firms falling demand of consumer as well as capital goods high unemployment and low level of imports. In the words of Haberler, Depression is a state of affairs in which real income consumed or volume of production per head and the rate of employment are falling. There are idle resources and unused capacity especially unused labour.’’ In the economic life of the world such acute crises have occurred in the years 1710 1827 1873 1907 and 1929. 4) Revival or Recovery – The economic conditions which we have described in depression phase do not remain as such forever. After sometime revival or recovery sets in under the influence of a variety of factors. The revival phase develops when the accumulated stock of commodities with the businessmen are exhausted. The costs under the impact of prolonged depression begin to fall. The prices which have reached its lowest level stop falling further. There is then complete harmony between costs and price relationship. When profits begin to reappear, the businessmen are induced to invest their hoarded money in some enterprises: In order to steal a march over other industrialists, they start repairs, renewal and replacements of their capital equipments and stocks. The capital goods industries resume activities. There is gradual of labor. The money incomes begin to increase and the effective demand is revived. The government also tries to break the spell of depression by starting construction or expanding some public works with a view to give more employment. The commercial, banks which have accumulated large reserve offer credit on favorable terms. The marginal efficiency of capital begins to rise and investment opportunities brighten up. The consumers start buying commodities to avoid the rise. Due to increase in demand for commodities, investment in various industries is stimulated and thus the revival takes place. The recovery phase of business cycle thus is characterized by rising production, increasing prices of both consumption and capital goods, rising of wages, rates, enlarged opportunities of employment, and greater amount of  spending on consumption and investment goods. Prior to 1940’s, there were frequent booms and depressions in the capitalistic world. However, after the World War-Il, the strong cyclical upswings and downswings have been considerably tamed by the timely applications of fiscal and monetary measures. The fluctuations in economic activity are now moderate. Consequently, the term economic expansion and economic contraction are used now for the terms boom and recession. Both expansionary monetary policy and expansionary fiscal policy are being used to counter the recession. Expansionary monetary policy is basically just lending more money to people; people borrow that money and spend it creating demand in the process. The United States has been using expansionary monetary policy for about 20 years straight now which has directly lead to massive increases in the levels of debt in the economy. Debt levels are so high now that no one can actually borrow any more so monetary policy has stopped working. Monetary policy is at the most expansionary setting possible right now and it is having effectively no expansionary impact on the economy as a consequence of excessive debt levels. Fiscal policy thus is the only option left available to actually rectify the situation; basically all you are doing is spending money through the government thus creating demand in the economy. Measures being taken include tax cuts, other measures being taken include infrastructure spending and extending the length of unemployment benefits. This is basically a Keynesian approach. Keynesian economics revolves around the concept of ‘aggregate demand’ the government can increase the amount of aggregate demand through government spending. A Keynesian approach is fundamentally the right way to go under the circumstances that exist as this crisis is basically a crisis of demand. The classical approach is to do nothing and to rely on the natural robustness of the macro economy to solve the problem. Most macroeconomists agree that this is ineffective if not stupid, but it was first thought to be the solution to the 1929 market crash. The Keynesian approach takes several forms but all of them are supposed to  result in the so called â€Å"multiplier effect† causing the economy to grow once it has been stimulated by making more money available at some place in the social system. Unfortunately it doesn’t work due to this money having to be borrowed or taken from some other part of the system. Keynesian economics is only a partial model and is unable to really show how it might grow. The current Keynesian methods in use are to borrow money from the public and increase the national debt. Also to print more money and use it to reduce this debt, but this means inflation and it is no more effective than that of the greater loans. Inflation is also dishonest because it makes the debt owed by the government of smaller value in terms of what its money can buy. Money is only a representative of wealth, not wealth itself. If the system were one of barter and in the present crisis then more money does not mean more wealth, except for the printers of course. To reduce the rate of interest on the national debt does help to reduce the budget deficit for the next year, but it is not very effective and will not solve the problem at anything like the speed needed. So that with present methods there is no way to get out of the recession. Fiscal Policy When it comes to how fiscal policy affects the economy during a recession, the government has some automatic stabilizers in effect. These items work to automatically stabilize the economy when a recession takes place. With fiscal policies, the government influences the economy by changing how it (the government) spends and collects money. For example, the income tax system acts an automatic stabilizer. When people make less money, they also pay less money in income taxes. Unemployment benefits are another example of an automatic stabilizer. This helps families continue to receive income so that they can keep spending and keeps the economy going. The most common fiscal policy actions in a recession are: †¢Tax cuts for businesses or for individuals – When the economy is struggling during a recession, the government can attempt to help the situation by charging less in taxes. In many cases, the executive and legislative branches work together to cut taxes for Americans. By doing this, it gives  people more discretionary income so that they can spend and stimulate the economy. i.e people and corporations have more money, which may make them more likely to buy things, which increases demand.Once the economy stabilizes, the government can gradually reintroduce the taxes and help keep the economy and the government going. †¢Increase Government Purchases Another way that the government can use fiscal policy to stabilize the economy during a recession is to increase government purchases. The government can use more money to buy goods and services from domestic providers. This increase in sales helps stimulate the businesses. This increases demand for labour, which can lower the unemployment rate.These businesses can then use this increase in income to buy more supplies and expand even further. Once this begins to happen, it can have a positive effect on the entire economy and stabilize the recession by providing more jobs and opportunities for unemployed entrepreneurs. †¢Expansionary vs.Contractionary – One of the arguments among economics on how to use fiscal policy centers around expansionary and contractionary strategies. An expansionary fiscal policy involves increasing government expenditures or lowering taxes so that the deficit increases. By comparison, a contractionary fiscal policy cuts back on government expenditures or increases taxes so that the government can have a financial surplus. Using an expansionary policy can improve the economy in the short-term, but eventually it could hurt the economy as the government’s debt becomes too large. Monetary Policy During an economic recession, unemployment rises while incomes, business investment and consumer spending fall. Monetary policy aims to shorten recessions by encouraging consumer spending and investment. Monetary policy actions can help shorten recessions or reduce their impacts, but economic conditions may limit their impact. In addition, it takes time for policy decisions to be felt throughout the economy at large. Government usually responds to an economic recession through stimulative fiscal policy, expansionary monetary policy or a combination of the two. Stimulative fiscal policy involves higher government spending in an attempt to stimulate the economy. Expansionary monetary policy consists of actions by central banks,  such as the U.S. Federal Reserve, RBI to expand the money supply to encourage more consumer spending and business lending. Expansionary monetary policy actions to battle a recession include the purchase of government bonds by central banks, reducing banks’ reserve requirements, and lowering short-term interest rates. Effects Of monetary policy- The purchase of government bonds by central banks injects more money into the economy. Lower reserve requirements give banks more money to lend because they are required to hold fewer reserves against deposits. Increased lending by banks stimulates business investment and expansion. A reduction in short-term interest rates also encourages more investment by reducing the cost of borrowing. Lowering short-term interest rates also reduces the rates on home mortgages, lowering mortgage payments for homeowners, giving them additional disposable income. Although expansionary monetary policy has the ability to reduce the length and severity of an economic recession, there is no guarantee it can do so. Lower interest rates, for example, may not stimulate consumer spending if consumers have little confidence in the economy. They are unlikely to increase their spending if they believe their jobs are at risk because of a sluggish economy. Businesses may be reluctant to invest in new facilities and equipment for expanded operations if the economy is in a recession. Finally, banks may be unwilling to increase their lending during a recession. Time Frame †¢Another concern about the ability of monetary policy to impact a recession is that the effects of policy decisions, such as a cut in interest rates, will not be immediately felt. It can take more than a year for the effects of lower interest rates to be felt. †¢During the 1991 and 2001 recessions, Federal Reserve policymakers repeatedly cut short-term interest rates to stimulate investment and consumer spending. It took time, however, for the effects to be felt. In 2001, for example, a series of Fed cuts reduced short-term interest rates to near zero. However, consumer uncertainty about the future, resulting from the 9/11 terrorist attacks, coupled with a  distrust of corporate accounting practices resulting from the collapse of Enron, blunted the effects of Fed efforts to expand the money supply. †¢In the end, the course of a nation’s recession is controlled by the actions of everybody living in the country. Anything influenced by so many people is beyond the control of any one person or group — it seems to have a mind of its own. But in the United States, time has proven that attitudes and economic factors shift, and every recession is a temporary recession. Eventually, things turn around and an upward spiral is reestablished. In the face of an economic collapse, the role of the government is invaluable. Governments have the power to avert an impending economic and financial disaster. 1. Encourage exports. The government should focus on the export business segment because it would infuse necessary foreign currencies into the country which would be used to pay debts, import goods and other necessities. 2. Provide Accessible Credit for Business. Local businesses should be encouraged by the government to compensate for unemployment thru extending credit to them. More businesses mean more jobs for the people. Or at least, source of income for the family. 3. Improve Tax Collection. Implement speedy and effective tax collection measures. Taxes can finance government expenditures such as provision of credit to businesses or budgets for social welfare. 4. Set Aside Large Amount Amount for Social Welfare. This will quell panic and riots and restore confidence in the people. Positive outlook will be developed in the process. This will also enable people to get back of their feet and start anew. 5. Control Expenditures in Other Fields. Slash budgets on unnecessary expenditures in other areas – military, legislative, executive, other branches. 6. Improve Tourism. Lure more tourists to the country. More tourists mean more money injected to the economy. Businesses will naturally sprout even small businesses in order to cater to the needs of these tourists. The main problem is the lack of funds as businesses closed and investors pull out their investments. The solution is to encourage the injection of money back to the country. Focus on the solution.

Feminism and Social Work Essays

Feminism and Social Work Essays Feminism and Social Work Essay Feminism and Social Work Essay citing Bunch ( 1980 ) , defined feminism asâ€Å"transformational political relations that aims at the dismantlement of allpermanent power hierarchies in which one class of worlds dominatesor controls another class of humans† ( 372 ) . â€Å"In the feminist andempowerment traditions, the personal is political, and individualchange and societal alteration are seen as interdependent† ( Deitz 2000,372 ) . Feminism contends it is non equal to merely include adult females inthe world’s political and power systems, as these were designed by andfor work forces and hence favour a extremely masculinised mechanism forresponding to issues and necessitate adult females working within these systems todo the same ( Scott 1988, Moylan 2003 ) . Simply including adult females is notenough ; society must give women’s experiences equal clip andconsideration, finally recasting the very significances of the subjects it considers ( Scott 1988 ) . Rather, feminism argues adult females must be engagedin both the system development and decision-making procedures that shapeour society ( Moylan 2003 ) .Consequently, one country where feminism has peculiarly challengedtraditional positions is in the country of gender functions. For illustration, Dominelli and McLeod ( 1989 ) examine the manner in which societal problemsare defined, recognizing gender as peculiarly of import inunderstanding client groups, and emphasis classless relationshipsbetween healers and clients. Gender is besides an importantconsideration of societal work due to the patriarchal society that stilldominates most of our universe. This power model remainders on a footing ofhegemonic maleness ( Cohn and Enloe 2003 ) . Connell ( 1995 ) createdthe term ‘hegemonic masculinity’ to depict the valued definition ofmanhood in a society. He argues that whilst there are multiplepossible malenesss in a civilization, merely one or a fe w are most valuedor considered ideal ( Connell 1995 ) . This gender definition isconstructed both in relation to muliebrity and to other, subordinatedmasculinities, and is used to warrant both men’s domination of adult females, and the hegemonically masculine man’s power over other work forces ( Cohn andWeber 1999 ) .Whilst adult females are progressively being included in universe systems, thesystems themselves still were designed for and run by and for work forces. Therefore, adult females who participate within the system must make so from maleparadigm, even if it is sometimes at odds with their ain preferencesfor how to travel about covering with a state of affairs ( Cohn and Enloe 2003 ) .Feminism historically is a â€Å"critique of male domination, the belief thatgender order was socially constructed and could non be changed† ( Cott1989,205 ) . Masculinity is frequently defined as what is non feminine, andfemininity as what is non masculine, although under standing thedynamics of one requires sing both the workings of the other andthe relationship and convergence between the two ( Cohn and Enloe 2003 ) . Masculine definitions are frequently based on strength, domination andviolence, whilst feminine on failing, nurturing, compassion andpassitivity ( Rabrenovic and Roskos 2001 ) . The consequence is pressure onmen adhering to a hegemonic definition of maleness to see signifiers ofaddressing struggle other than a physical or masculine response asfeminine and a menace to their manhood ( Moylan 2003 ) .The popular construct of gender holds that maleness and muliebrity are unchanging looks based on the chromosomal male and femalebodies ( Butler 1990 ) . â€Å"Gender is assumed to be ‘hard-wired, ’ at leastin part† ( Hawkesworth 1997 ) . Masculine actions and desires for work forces andfeminine actions and desires for adult females entirely are normal, thesemasculine and feminine traits are non a affair of pick, and allindividuals can be classified as one or the other ( Hawkesworth 1997 ) . However, whilst our society work forces are considered strong and dominant, andwomen passive and nurturing, â€Å"the significances of male and female bodiesdiffer from one civilization to another, and alteration ( even in our ownculture ) over time† ( Connell 1993, 75 ) . For illustration, there have beenâ€Å"periods in Western history when the modern convention that mensuppress shows of emotion did non use at all, when work forces wereeffusive to their male friends and demonstrative about their feelings† ( Connell 1993, 75 ) . â€Å"Masculinities and feminities are constructed oraccomplished in societal procedures such as kid raising, emotional andsexual relationships, work and politics† ( Connell 1993, 75 ) .Feminism, nevertheless, contends gender is a constructed by each civilization, and as a societal pattern involves the incorporation of specificsymbols, which support or distort human potency ( Hawkesworth 1997 ) . Gender is created through â€Å"discursively constrained performative Acts of the Apostless, †and the repeat of these Acts of the Apostless over clip creates gender for theindividual in society ( Butler 1990, x ) . Peoples learn to â€Å"act† likewomen or work forces are supposed to ; adult females are taught to act in a femininemanner, work forces are taught to move in a masculine mode. This is oftenreinforced by authorization figures, such as societal workers. Barnes ( 2003 ) cites a figure of surveies which find societal workers frequently assume theâ€Å"disciplinary gaze† of impressions of â€Å"what and how to be adult female, †perpetuating traditional gender functions ( 149 ) . â€Å"Armed with stiff codesof gender appropriate behaviours, societal workers frequently sought toregulate and mediate women’s interactions with the societal, economic, and political world† ( Barns 2003, 149 ) .Feminism and societal work portion a figure of similarities. Both believeâ€Å"in the built-in worth and self-respect of all individuals, the value of processover merchandise, the grasp of unity-diversity, the importance ofconsidering the person-in- environment, and a committedness to personalempowerment and active engagement in society as a agency to bringabout meaningful societal change† ( Baretti 2001, 266-267 ) . Similarly, both feminism and societal work address multiple attacks to handlingsituations, disputing the institutionalised subjugation common in manypower constructions and back uping â€Å"the reconceptualization andredistribution of that power† ( Baretti 2001, 267 ) .It follows that one impact of feminism on societal work practise is theconsideration of issues from a societal instead than personalperspective. For illustration, this might include sing a domesticviolence state of affairs non from the position that the household isdysfunctional, but from the position o f the society that created thefamily. The psychology-based focal point of clinical societal work â€Å"oftenleads to individualising societal jobs, instead than to sing themas the consequence of dealingss of power, chiefly subjugation and abuse† ( Deitz 2000, 369 ) . As such, persons sing such difficultiesare â€Å"taught† that their peculiar experiences are inappropriate, instead than turn toing the systems that created the troubles in thefirst topographic point ( Deitz 2000, 369 ) .Dominelli and McLeod ( 1989 ) re-evaluate societal work pattern from afeminist position, sing the maps of societal work such astherapy, community interaction, and policy doing non from apathological point of view but from one of defined functions endorsed bysocietal conditions. As such, they contend that working from afeminist position allows the societal worker to turn to the causes ofsocial issues, instead than the symptoms played out in individual’slives ( Dominelli and McLeod 19 89 ) .One country of difference in societal work practise between those operatingfrom a feminist model and a traditional model is the construct ofdistance. Traditionally, the â€Å"patriarchal prejudice against relationalityand connection† is intended to take to â€Å"connection without injury, lovewithout power maltreatment, touching without sexual maltreatment in psychotherapy† ( Deitz 2000, 377 ) . Unfortunately, in practise it frequently consequences inâ€Å"power over† relationships where those having services feel â€Å"lessthan† those supplying them. â€Å"Healing happens when person feels seen, heard, held, and empowered, non when 1 is interpreted, held at adistance, and pathologized† ( Deitz 2000, 377 ) . Deitz ( 2000 ) finds thatsocial workers frequently institutionalize a â€Å"power over† stance fromprofessional preparation and discourse that constructs the individualities ofclients as somehow disordered, dysfunctional or impaire d. â€Å"Whetherbetween parents and kids ; doctors and patients ; societal workersand consumers of services ; White persons and Blacks ; or straight persons andlesbians, homosexuals, bisexuals, and transgendered individuals, power overrelationships give the dominant spouses or group the right to definethe significances of subordinates’ experiences ( including their opposition ) and therefore their chances for self-affirmation† ( Deitz 2000,373 ) .This creates professional relationships that ignore theenvironmental, historical, and societal contexts of the job, discountpeople’s strengths and resiliency in appraisal and intercession, andlead â€Å"to the objectification of people as diagnosings, instead than toempowerment† ( Deitz 2000, 370 ) . â€Å"The keys to empowerment in feministmicro pattern are reconnection and transmutation through politicalactivity ; subsisters of subjugation and maltreatment experience reconnectionthrough relationships based on mutualness, coaction, andtrustworthiness† ( Deitz 2000, 376 ) .Theories from societal work, psychological science, and peculiarly developmentalpsychology describe authorization as chiefly a procedure, with thepersonal transmutation of the single going empowered at itsfoundation ( Carr 2003, 8 ) . Barriers to empowerment and jobs ofdisenfranchisement caused by impotence are chiefly political, instead than psychological. Powerlessness is defined as the inabilityto efficaciously manage one’s emotions, cognition, accomplishments, or resources ; it is â€Å"derived from the absence of external supports and the existenceof ontological â€Å"power blocks† that become incorporated into a person’sdevelopment† ( Carr 2003, 13 ) . As such, many subsisters besides work toreconnect to others in their communities, frequently seeking politicalactivity that â€Å"emphasizes the authorization of others, such as byorganizing Take Back the Night Marches or speak-outs , volunteering forcrisis hot lines, seeking legislative alterations, or going socialworkers or human service professionals† ( Deitz 2000, 376 ) .For illustration, feminist work with maltreatment subsisters â€Å"emphasizes therelationship between maltreatment and oppressive societal dealingss ( Deitz 2000,374 ) . On the other manus, the dominant clinical societal work attack tooppression and maltreatment relocates the job of subjugation in victims.Psychological theories are typically employed, which â€Å"locates pathologyin persons, instead than in oppressive relationships and systems, and considers the long-run effects of subjugation to be symptoms ofindividual pathology† ( Deitz 2000, 374 ) . Unfortunately, whilst manysocial workers have been exposed to or even personally supportoperating from a womens rightist model, the systems in which they workprevent them from actively using feminist penetration in their dailypractise. Research Plan This research seeks to analyze the prevalence and impact of traditionaland womens rightist practician concepts from the position of thoseserved. Specifically, a focal point group survey will be conducted with agroup of college pupils, all of whom are presently analyzing socialwork and hence have some construct sing societal work pattern, womens rightist and traditional worldviews. In add-on, all pupils in thefocus group will hold experienced domestic force and have beenprovided the services of a societal worker in some signifier during theirteenage old ages.Three countries of treatment will be undertaken by the group. These willbe provided to single group participants in composing several daysbefore the group in order for pupils to hold clip to see whatthey would wish to portion sing their sentiments and ain experiences. The first group activity will affect making definitions ofâ€Å"masculine† and â€Å"feminine† from the position of a typical socialworker based on the students’ teenage experiences. Students will thenbe asked to discourse where, if at all, they personally feel they andtheir household members who were involved in the domestic violencesituation ( s ) â€Å"fit† sing these preconceived definitions. It isanticipated some pupils will hold been uncomfortable with societalconstraints they or their household experienced as adolescents. As all arestudying societal work, they are besides anticipated to do moreconnections between social power issues, hegemonic gender functions, andtheir influence on domestic force than a focal point group without suchbackground. The 3rd country of treatment will center on how thestudents’ perceptual experiences of their societal worker ( s ) apprehension of genderroles influenced their and their households response of adequateservice.The research worker will both tape record and take notes on the groupdiscussions. Datas gathered from the group will so be compiled andanalysed. In add-on, pupils from the focal point group will be given theoption to compose a response to the group activity, if they so desire. These will be farther included in the group informations. Methodology Data aggregation involved four agencies. Prior to the group get downing, each participant was given a questionnaire ( see Appendix 3 ) to gatherbasic demographic information. The questionnaire besides asked for abrief sum-up of their opprobrious state of affairs. Sing informations aggregation ofthe group proceedings, as described above the focal point group session wastape-recorded and the research worker took notes to supplement the recordingof group treatment. The recorded Sessionss were so transcribed intoprint signifier, with research notes added in at the chronologicallyappropriate points of the written text to supply a more completewritten overview of the focal point group treatment. In add-on, groupparticipants had an option to compose a response the group to be includedin the group informations. Four participants wrote responses, which wereconsidered with the group informations following analysis of the focal point groupdiscussion. Participants were provided with the three co untries of groupdiscussion several yearss prior to the existent focal point group meeting. Theywere non given any waies or counsel sing the optionalwritten responses to the group activity.Data analysis foremost involved dividing and coding group informations. Responsesto the first subject of treatment were divided into three classs: those stand foring a traditional worldview, those stand foring afeminist worldview, and those that did non clearly represent eitherworldview. From these groupings, overall findings sing theworldviews typically experienced by the group participants weresummarised. This was so farther compared with the definitions oftraditional gender functions identified by the group.Datas from the 2nd subject of treatment were besides broken down intothose stand foring a traditional worldview, those stand foring afeminist worldview, and those that did non clearly represent eitherworldview. It was of import to so observe participant perceptual experiences andemotional res ponses to these cryptographies, and in which worldview groupingthey and their households were reported to experience best served andempowered.Datas from the specific treatment sing service were so similarlyanalysed, and combined with old findings to show a image ofthe impact of traditional versus feminist worldviews on societal workpractise, underscoring work with adolescent domestic force subsisters andtheir apprehension of gender functions in society.It was anticipated at the decision of such research, a position could beasserted as to whether feminist position has a important impact onthe practise of societal work as it is presently undertaken and whetherthis impact, if any, leads to improved service.As the focal point group involved a comparatively little figure of participants ( nine sum ) and informations from their interactions were primarilyqualitative in nature, it was decided non to execute any complexstatistical analysis on focal point group informations. It was felt that such typesof analysis would neither uncover findings that could be consideredstatistically important nor supply a more accurate understanding ofthe issues under consideration than a more qualitative analyticalapproach. In consideration of infinite and relevancy parts of thediscussion were used to back up decisions in the findings andanalysis subdivisions of this thesis, whilst an overall drumhead ofthe most relevant parts of the treatment are included in Appendix2. Execution OF PROJECT Nine pupils run intoing the standard laid out in the research planagreed to take part in the focal point group. They were primarilyorganised by one group participant, who had discovered other domesticviolence subsisters through schoolroom treatments and throughparticipation in a survivors’ group in the local community. All ninestudents were presently analyzing societal work or had taken at least onesocial work class as portion of a related class of survey, such aseducation or condemnable justness. There were six adult females and three work forces, runing in age from 19 to 27. Racially, seven wereCaucasian, one was Black, and one was Asiatic. All present as comingfrom upper working category to middle category backgrounds. All hadexperienced domestic force as adolescents, doing their experiencesfairly recent and hence supplying a comparatively current word picture ofsocial work practise. Five pupils ( three adult females, two work forces ) had beenremoved from their biological parents at some point during theirteenage old ages. All had been involved in intercessions into the familyby a societal worker stand foring either a authorities administration, or inthe instance of one adult female, a local church.Some of the participants antecedently knew each other and were somewhataware of each other’s experiences, which should be considered in groupanalysis. Five on a regular basis participated in a survivors’ support group inthe community. One adult male and one adult female were cousins. In add-on, twoof the work forces had known each other as adolescents from intercession throughthe school system.Jennifer, a 24 year-old Caucasian adult female, was chosen to be themoderator, as she had been the 1 who had assisted the research worker byarranging for most of the participants to go involved in thestudy. The group so moved about instantly into treatment of thetopics provided. The group had been provided a whiteboard for its usage, which Jennifer impl emented to organize single remarks and thoughts. It is surmised that the easy mode with which the group undertook thediscussion was based on the fact that they were all pupils andtherefore used to holding survey groups, group treatments, and the similar, and that all of them had at least publically shared their experiencespreviously, either as portion of a schoolroom treatment or survivors’group, or both, and were hence more comfy in prosecuting in suchdiscussion than might be typical for a focal point group covering with suchexperiences. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS The first determination of this research is that the bulk of socialworkers in service or domestic force subsisters to non consistentlyemploy feminist concepts in practise, despite the likeliness ofhaving been exposed to such concepts. This manifested itself inthree important ways. First, households were overpowering dealt withas persons with jobs. That is, the maltreater was described asmaking hapless picks or holding some type of pathological issues that ledto his or her determination to mistreat ( in one participant’s household, bothparents were opprobrious ) . As such, the maltreater was described from apsychoanalytical point of view by the societal worker ( s ) , and his or herbehaviour labelled as separately aberrant.The subsisters of the domestic force state of affairss, peculiarly themothers, as the bulk of maltreaters from the groups’ experiences weremale household members or fellows of the female parent, were besides reported tobe systematically dealt with from an single position. In thissense, their behavior was besides reported to be categorised by thesocial workers involved as unhealthy, pathological, and coming fromsome kind of unsolved personal issues, such as low self-pride. Inthe instance of merely one participant did the societal workers involved ineither intercession or therapy systematically relate the domesticviolence state of affairs to broader issues of subjugation, social powerstructures and the related hegemonic gender functions, or patriarchal normsof society. It is of note that this participant received service froma progressive women-helping-women administration, instead than atraditional government-organised societal work programme.Group participants besides repeatedly described their household situationsas unhealthy, and they surely were, but from the position thatboth the maltreater and abused were responding or exposing emotioninappropriately, instead than that the motive or norming behind thebehaviour was at mistake . For illustration, Trent described his female parent asdrawn to violent, alcoholic work forces. â€Å"She ever seemed to travel for theseguys that didn’t cognize how to show anything except by interrupting material, shouting, striking, you know.† His farther descriptions of his mothers’boyfriends indicated an premise that if these work forces had been raisedwith or taught proper agencies of covering with their defeats andemotions, the maltreatment to him and his female parent would hold been lessened oreliminated. This thought was supported by at least one societal worker, whosuggested reding for Trent, his female parent, and the so boyfriend asone possible manner of turn toing the opprobrious state of affairs.Several participants did convey womens rightist theory and thought into groupdiscussion, indicating out, for illustration, that laterality or aggression bymen in any signifier was unhealthy, and oppugning why it was merely seen asunhealthy by most of the societal workers they had encountered, and byothers they knew in the community, when physical force was actuallyinvolved.There was a related treatment, albeit brief, about the unwillingnessof neighbors, relations, and others in the community, such as membersof the same church, to step in in the domestic force state of affairs. Participants indicated their perceptual experience that whilst this was frequently dueto a fright of acquiring involved or cognizing how to assist the state of affairs, there were repeated happenings in everyone’s experience where anunwillingness to step in derived from others’ deductions that theman of the house had some right to take the manner in which thehousehold operated, or that he had a right to train his married woman /girlfriend and kids as he saw tantrum. Wendy reports hearing an auntstate â€Å"Well, its his household, their childs, she wants to remain with him, †and dismiss the on-going force as therefore an acceptable familyl ifestyle, or at least one in which none of the remainder of the familyshould be expected to step in. Participants so acknowledged thisand several other systemic state of affairss that perpetuated their maltreatment, such as reluctance of authorization figures to go on oppugning wheninitially told nil was incorrect, and involuntariness of constabularies tointervene repeatedly.Similarly, sing gender functions, treatment indicated a belief bymost participants that their societal workers believed a traditionalstereotype of what was appropriate behavior for a adult male and a adult female, andthat these behaviors were different. There were studies of acceptanceof physical response as an appropriate masculine reaction, but thelevel of physical response non being considered appropriate. Maleparticipants were encouraged to speak about their experiences, butreport neer being given permission to show fright, or an emotionalresponse such as shouting. One male participant reported get downing t o cryas portion of a group experience, and being discouraged instead thanencouraged to go on, whilst female members of the group were allowedto and even supported in such emotional look. There were similarreports of assorted hegemonically feminine looks, such as weeping, fright, and fostering behaviors, being supported and encouraged bysocial workers for male household members but non female, every bit good as anacceptance or premise of failing on the portion of grownup females whochose to stay in an opprobrious state of affairs.The treatment so moved to the consequence of traditional and feministperspective on societal work service. Participants overwhelminglyreported experiencing better served when societal workers sought to empowerthem and their households. This did normally affect practise of methodsderived from a feminist position, such as the usage of brooding journalingand support groups, every bit good as encouragement from the societal workers tothe female parent that she c ould, so, survive and prosper outside thedomestic force state of affairs, that she did hold the interior militias toaddress the state of affairs and travel to a healthier life style, and thatsocietal force per unit area to be with a adult male, either as a romantic spouse or asa father / father-figure for kids was non necessary for asuccessful life. Participants besides report experiencing personally empoweredby such encouragement, and hence able to back up their female parents inattempts to go forth relationships.From their ain survey in societal work theory, focal point group participantswere able to briefly discourse the branchings of the patriarchalsocietal power construction on a woman’s determination to remain in a violentsituation. One issue brought up included the perceptual experience that societywill view a adult female as a failure and unwanted if she does non hold aromantic relationship with a adult male in her life. A figure of womenparticipants in the group repo rted experiencing similar force per unit area to maintaina romantic relationship with a adult male in their life, irrespective of theirother committednesss or involvements, and an outlook that they would notbe successful adult females if they did non finally acquire married and havechildren. When questioned by other participants, the three maleparticipants reported non experiencing such force per unit areas. Another issue raisedwas the mothers’ perceptual experience that they needed a male parent figure tosuccessfully raise kids, peculiarly boys. This was perpetuatedin the life experiences of group participants even though the menoccupying these functions were viewed by the male participants asdestructive, instead than constructive, influences. Issues of supportin training kids and pull offing family operations were alsoindicated, as was the fiscal support provided by the batterer. Thegroup indicated all these issues were social, instead than single, and deficiency of address ing of them affected the effectivity of the socialservices they had received.Overall, the participants were by and large positive about at least onesocial worker with whom they had a relationship during their teenageyears. Participants typically felt experiencing most bucked up and bestserved by those societal workers who did non present themselves as beingdistant or above the participants and their households, and who did notoverly underscore their family’s issues from a position of individualdysfunction. These findings indicated that a feminist interactiveconstruct, which avoids â€Å"power over† methods and practise is perceivedto be most effectual by domestic force subsisters. Recommendation It is recommended from findings of this survey that societal workersare foremost provided greater exposure to and preparation in feminist methodsand theory as it relates to their practical, daily practise. Forexample, all participants reported some positive experiences inresponse to reflective methods such as brooding journaling andsurvivor support groups. Considerations of ways to more greatlyinclude such methods in typical practise are hence indicated.Of greater concern are the systems in which societal workers operate. Whilst most of the societal workers in these focal point group participants’experiences had some acquaintance with feminist theory or methods, asindicated by their accent on authorization or usage of specificstrategies, there is something within the government-sponsored socialservices construction that prohibits practise genuinely based on feministtenets. A crisp contrast was provided by the immature adult female served at aprogressive, private service, where womens rightist theory was the obviousframework on which service was based. She was by far the most positiveabout her experiences and workers, and reported penetrations, understandingand authorization to alter non systematically reported by other focusgroup participants.It hence recommended that more research be pursued as to whatfactors constrain societal workers from working from a more feministframework. Issues such as clip ( many societal workers have far morepeople to see and function than they would wish to hold, or frequently feelthey can function efficaciously ) , deficiency of material resources such asappropriate infinite, deficiency of effectual preparation, or disheartenment insuch respects from supervisors or others in power. Specificallyidentifying relevant factors could so organize a model forprogressing with alteration in societal work practise within a typicalgovernment service administration.It is further recommended that single societal workers consider whatconst raints they personally work under, and what restraints they placeupon themselves as a consequence of the greater power constructions of oursociety. Becoming aware of personal prejudice sing traditional genderroles, for illustration, would help the single societal worker inproviding a more empowering and less conscripting environment indealing with those they serve. The participants in the focal point group, for illustration, agreed they were given issues to believe about by the groupinteraction, and that greater consideration of force per unit areas to conform insociety and the false power of males would be points that, throughanalysis, could better their societal work practise. Similarly, going more aware of the far-reaching influences of patriarchyand accepted subjugation of adult females in our society would besides supply afoundation from which societal workers can both educate their clients andmove them and others towards political action to rectify such systemicissues. Decision In decision, whilst womens rightist theory and concepts have made avaluable impact on societal work practise, those being served believethey would be better served by a greater inclusion and trust on suchpractises. Social workers may personally or professionally espousefeminist model, but are less likely to use it in practise. Thisdeprives both them and their clients of the most good service. Social workers need to go more focussed on associating the experiencesof persons to the broader power constructions in our society, anddealing with their experiences in the context of these structuresrather than as single or pathological troubles. Socialworkers, peculiarly in domestic force state of affairss, need to becognisant of the consequence of hegemonic gender functions on perpetuating suchviolence, every bit good as their ain witting or unconscious subscription tosuch functions. In short, feminism has made a valuable impact on socialwork practise, but could still be employed even more ef ficaciously to notonly turn to the jobs of persons, but to work towardseliminating the patriarchal systems of subjugation in our society thatmake state of affairss such as domestic force so common topographic point. Mentions Barns, A. 2003. Social Work, Young Women, and Femininity. Affilia, Vol. 18, No. 2, Summer 2003, pp. 148-164.Barretti, M. 2001. Social Work, Women, and Feminism: A Review of Social WorkJournals, 1988-1997. Affilia, Vol. 16, No. 3, Fall 2001, pp. 266-294.Bell, P. and MacLeod, J. 1988. Bridging the Gap: Feminist DevelopmentWork in Glasgow. Feminist Review, No. 28, Spring 1988, pp. 136-143.Bem, S.L. 1995. Leveling Gender Polarization and CompulsoryHeterosexuality: Should We Turn the Volume Down or Up? The Journal ofSex Research, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 329-334.Butler, J. 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Routledge: London.Carlson, B. 1997. A Stress and Coping Approach to Intervention withAbused Women. Family Relations, Vol. 46, No. 3, July 1997, pp. 291-298.Carr, E.S. 2003. Rethinking Empowerment Theory Using a Feminist Lenss: The Importance of Process. Affilia, Vol. 18, No. 1, Spring 2003, pp.8-20.Cohn, C. , Weber, C. 1999. Missions, Men and Masculinities. Inter national Feminist Journal of Politics, 1999, pp. 460-475.Connell, R. 1995. Masculinities. Polity Press: Cambridge.Connell, R.W. 1993. Work force and the Women s Movement. Social Policy, Summer 1993, Vol. 23, Issue 4, pp. 72-79.Cott, N.F. 1989. Remark on Karen Offen’s â€Å"Defining Feminism: AComparative Historical Approach.† Signs, Vol. 15, No. 1, Autumn 1989, pp. 203-205.Dietz, C. 2000. Reacting to Oppression and Abuse: A FeministChallenge to Clinical Social Work. Affilia, Vol. 15, No. 3, Fall 2000, pp. 369-389.Dominelli, L. and McLeod, E. 1989. Feminist Social Work. Macmillan Education: London.Hammer, J. and Statham, D. 1999. Womans and societal work: Towards a woman-centered pattern ( 2nd ed. ) . Macmillan: London.Hawkesworth, M. 1997. Confusing Gender. Signs, Vol. 22, No. 3, Spring 1997, pp. 649-685.Marchant, H. 1986. Gender, systems believing and extremist societal work.In H. Marchant and B. Wearing ( Eds. ) , Gender reclaimed: Womans in socialwork, Hale and Irem onger: Sydney, Australia, pp. 14-32.Moylan, P. 2003. Teaching Peace: The Challenge of GenderedAssumptions. Peace and Change, Vol. 28, No. 4, October 2003, pp.570-574.Rabrenovic, G. and Roskos, L. 2001. Introduction: Civil Society, Feminism, and the Gendered Politics of War and Peace. NWSA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 2, Summer, pp. 40-54.Scott, J.W. 1988. Gender and the Politics of History. Columbia University Press, New York.Tickner, A.J. 1999. Why Women Can’t Run the World: InternationalPolitics Harmonizing to Francis Fukuyama. International Studies Review, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 3–11.

Beatniks and Hippies essays

Beatniks and Hippies essays In the times of recovery after 2 great World Wars and The Great Depression it was not hard to realize why there were some people that held negative reactions towards the lifestyle that the average American was used to living in the 50s through the late 70s and their ideals of values and beliefs of the nation. Two movements that was conceived and born of these feelings of alienation and freedom are the Beat movement and later the movement of the Hippies. These two movements are called the Counter Culture. For many people it is seen as a step backwards, and a period in the history of the United States where it is seen as a reason for all the problems in society there is today. I although however believed that the best times in the United States came from the movements of the Counter Culture and what they had done to influence popular culture and society forever for the better and I will demonstrate with this essay how that has happened. Although however most will see them as a misguided or anarchic group of individuals, they actually contributed to one of the best eras of the United States. These movements promote freedom, basically freedom from the society that America has created. Free from their ideals and their monotonous view towards the world and its politics. And also the freedom to express oneself by anyway possible no matter if it is viewed as a radical move or not. The beat movement refers to a set of literary, political, and social attitudes associated with certain American writers and artists during the 1950s. The Beat movement was an angry voice towards the complications of the problems given to us from the two World Wars. This is the rebellion against the America that is the descendant of the Lost Generation of the twenties and the Bohemians of the thirties and forties. However, this is the movement that will be known mostly for being the predecessor of the era of the Hippies...

About the Reconstruction Era (1865â€1877)

About the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877) The period of Reconstruction took place in the southern United States from the end of the Civil War in 1865 until 1877. The era was marked by intense controversies, which included the impeachment of a president, outbreaks of racial violence, and the passage of Constitutional amendments. Even the end of Reconstruction was controversial, as it was marked by a presidential election which many, to the present day, contend was stolen. The main issue of Reconstruction was how to bring the nation back together after the rebellion of the slave states had been ended. And, at the end of the Civil War fundamental  issues facing the nation included what role former Confederates might play in the US government, and what role freed slaves would play in American society. And beyond the political and social issues was the matter of physical destruction. Much of the Civil War had been waged in the South, and cities, towns, and even farmlands, were in runs. The infrastructure of the South also had to be rebuilt. Conflicts Over Reconstruction The issue of how to bring the rebellious states back into the Union consumed much of the think of President Abraham Lincoln as the Civil War came to an end. In his second inaugural address he spoke of reconciliation. But when he was assassinated in April 1865 much changed. The new president, Andrew Johnson, declared that he would follow Lincolns intended policies toward Reconstruction. But the ruling party in Congress, the Radical Republicans, believed Johnson was being far too lenient and was allowing former rebels too much of a role in the new governments of the South. The Radical Republican plans for Reconstruction were more severe. And continual conflicts between the Congress and the president led to the impeachment trial of President Johnson in 1868.   When Ulysses S. Grant became president following the election of 1868, Reconstruction policies continued in the South. But it was often plagued by racial problems and the Grant administration often found itself trying to protect the civil rights of former slaves. The era of Reconstruction effectively ended with the Compromise of 1877, which decided the highly controversial election of 1876. Aspects of Reconstruction New Republican controlled governments were instituted in the South, but were almost certainly doomed to fail. Popular sentiment in the region was obviously opposed to the political party which had been led by Abraham Lincoln. An important program of Reconstruction was the Freedmens Bureau, which operated in the South to educate former slaves and give them assistance in adjusting to living as free citizens.   Reconstruction was, and remains, a highly controversial subject. Southerners felt that northerners were using the power of the federal government to punish the south. Northerners felt the southerners were still persecuting freed slaves through the imposition of racist laws, called black codes. The end of Reconstruction can be seen as the beginning of the period of Jim Crow.

An interview with a small firm about talent management to find the gap Assignment

An interview with a small firm about talent management to find the gap between academic and practitioners - Assignment Example However, recent scientific research established that the generic teamwork skills are more than an individual’s personal skills and abilities. Another gap is in the approaches to composition of teams in organizations. Most organizations take the average of team members on a particular trait and treat the score as the teams mean composition. However, recent scientific research suggest that the most appropriate approach to measure team composition traits depend on many other circumstances. Scientific research therefore, suggest that the mean score is not the best approach for Human resource managers to use to evaluate team composition Demographic diversity in teams also presents certain gaps between research in human resource development and actual practice of human resource development. Diversity in the workforce is changing over time with increased involvement of gender, age, and cultural diversity in the organization. There are also changes in management of a diverse workforce for organizations. In many firms, there is a perception that demographic diversity increases team performance. However, according to research, more demographic diversity does not always result in increased team performance. Other studies suggest that demographic diversity does not influence team performance especially on long term basis. (Hollenbeck, DeRue, & Guzzo, 2004) To solve the gap in choosing the best people to form a team, it is important for organizations to develop a foundation of knowledge, skills, and abilities. The firm can examine a number of factors based on theoretical and methodological background. Organizations should develop teams depending on feedback, cooperation, team spirit, morale and adaptability of the employees. Choosing a team should not focus on individual skills. The choice should be comprehensive in nature In order integrate between human resource

History of the Middle East, 6001453 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of the Middle East, 6001453 - Essay Example When the aforementioned is compounded with the fact that neither really knew the other and that, ultimately, the Christian Crusaders were entering into a territory alien to them and which, historically speaking, they had no territorial claim over, prejudices only deepen. These prejudices color historical accounts, as is amply evidenced in the contrasts which exist between the European and the Muslim accounts of the First Crusade. While there is consensus over historical events, these accounts are markedly different in terms of portrayals/depictions of the other. Consensus prevails with regard to the history of the first crusades. As Gibb (1950) explains in his article, "The Arabic Sources for the Life of Saladdin," the two most prominent of the recorded eye-witness accounts, those by William of Tyre and Ibn Al Athir, similarly report Christian military victory over the Muslims. Indeed, Ibn Al Athir, as does William of Tyre, writes that when the Crusaders first came to the Arab lands in 1095-1096, they achieved tremendous victories over the Muslims. The Europeans, according to both, overtook several Muslim provinces, such as Toledo, Andalusia and Sicily, extending their armies to invade Antioch and most importantly, Jerusalem (cited in Gibb, 1950). The implication here is that there is agreement over the basic historical facts. Consensus also prevails over the reasons for the Muslim defeat and European victory. As is evident from Amin Maalouf's (2001) account of the Crusades as recorded and reported by Muslim historians, Arab defeat was an outcome, not just of petty rivalry among various Arab leaders and factions, but of the Crusaders' utter and unshakable conviction that they were doing the work of God. This belief propelled the Crusaders towards victory, while lack of cohesion among the Muslims quite effectively determined their defeat (Maalouf, 2001). The Arab and European accounts of the Fall of Jerusalem do not differ much in this respect. The above identified similarities should not obscure the fact that there are marked differences between the two accounts, especially with regard to depictions of the other. A reading of Ibn Al Athir's account of the encounter evidences the extent to which the other' was perceived of in terms of prejudiced stereotypes (cited in Gabrielli, 1984). For example, Usama's account of "Frankish Medicine," expresses the idea that, irrespective of Christian victories, the Crusaders had neither civilization nor knowledge. Indeed, Usama claims that European doctors killed, rather than cured, their patients practicing a form of medicine that had little to do with scientific knowledge (cited in Gabrielli, 1984). Other eyewitness accounts advance Usama's perceptions of the Crusaders as an ignorant and uncivilized people through unflattering descriptions of their lifestyles, style of eating and personal hygiene (Gabrielli, 1984). Indeed, it would hardly be an exaggeration were one to assert that Musl im eyewitness accounts of the encounter tend towards the portrayal of others as uncivilized savages. Interestingly, Christian accounts of the encounter tend towards a similarly unflattering description. This is amply evidenced in Mansses II's congratulatory letter to the Crusaders. Within the context of this letter, the victory is applauded in terms that speak of religious conflict and an

How has Modern advances changed welding technology since anicent times Essay

How has Modern advances changed welding technology since anicent times - Essay Example It is a dangerous process and precautions must be taken in order to avoid electric shock, burns, vision damage, exposure to UV radiation, and inhalation of toxic fumes and gases. Welding process traces its historic development from the ancient times. Therefore, this paper will delve into the changes technology has made in welding from the ancient times to the present. Welding traces its roots from the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. During the Bronze Age, small round golden boxes were made by pressure welding of lap joints together. It is believed that these golden boxes were made over two thousand years ago. Currently, the golden boxes have been put on exhibition at the National Museum in Ireland. On the other hand, during the Iron Age, people from the Eastern Mediterranean and Egyptians learnt the art of welding pieces of iron together. They made tools and weapons using forge welding operations. The art of blacksmithing developed to a high degree during the Middle Ages period. Several tools and weapons made from iron were welded by hammering. Blacksmithing entails working with extremely hot steel, a hammer and an anvil to make items. After the steel has been heated, it becomes malleable making it easy to punch and twist. It is the twisting and punching that shapes the metal. After shaping, it is cooled to harden the shape. Sometimes it is taken ba ck to the fire for reheating for further shaping and bending. While doing this, a blacksmith should use tongs handle the metals since they are extremely hot to be handled by bare hands. The process of forging metals and blacksmithing was extremely dangerous. This is ascribed to the fact that the blacksmith’s fires can be very hot, and it is mandatory to stoke them constantly in order to maintain the high temperatures. Therefore, blacksmiths had to observe caution while working in order not to burn their bodies or places of work. Secondly, blacksmiths

Census research Koreans in LA Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Census Koreans in LA - Research Proposal Example This population continues to enlarge since the historic immigration into Bunker Hill two decades in the wake of the 20th century (Theme 98). Bunker Hill is in present-day Los Angeles. Then, this region was designated for non-whites and ethnic minorities were allowed to reside during the first two decades of the century. Earliest Korean immigrants into the US had domestic and casual jobs, which involved hard labor in manufacturing and other operating plants. The Korean community migrated into geographical territory covering the region from Vermont Streets and Normandie. This area is the present-day Korea Town, California. By the 1950s, Los Angeles received the second wave of ethnic Korean immigrants from the Korean War. This population combined with the descendants of the first-wave immigration influx of the 1900s and the demographics began to soar amid rising birth rates and continued intermarriage interaction with other races. Most of the Korean population worked as truck drivers, waiters, and domestic workers for most of the 20th century (Gives 87). Present demographic statistics indicates that Korean Americans living in California account for 18.5 % of the entire ethnic Korean demographic in the United States (Min 67). Los Angeles County is home to over half a million ethnic Korean – demographic includes intermarried and those of interracial

MEDICINAL COURSEWORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MEDICINAL COURSEWORK - Essay Example It is against this background that it is necessary that third party disease fighting defenses be introduced. Through chemistry and medicine, the commonest form of third party or external disease fighting defense that has been given to the human body has been by the use of drugs or what is commonly known as medicine. Depending on the disease that a person is battling, different drugs are introduced. One typical drug that has been very keen in body disease defenses is Omeprazole, having the been useful in the treatment of a host of diseases including dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease among others (Hassan-Alin et al, 2001). With a market name of Losec, Omeprazole comes in several forms including tablets and capsules. In this essay, a very detailed chemistry analysis is made of the drug with an aim of trying to understand the medicinal value of the drug, background to the diseases that the drug treats, functionality of the drug, as well as an evaluation of how the drug performs its chemical roles in the human body. Disease Omeprazole is used to treat Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Omeprazole has been found to be suitable in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, otherwise known as GORD or GERD (Lagerstrom and Persson, 1984). Gastro-oesophageal reflux is more of a medical condition, which involves the abnormal relaxation of the lower part of the oesophageal sphincter in such as way that easily allows the back flow or reflux of the stomach’s acidic content into the gullet (Andersson, 1991). It will be noted that the stomach’s acidic content has its special role that it plays in the stomach and has special compartments within the stomach specially designed to contain it (Hassan-Alin et l, 2000). For this reason, if the acidic content flows into undesignated places like the gullet, it causes uncomfortable reactions to patients involved. In most cases, it is the muscular ring found beneath the oesophagus that gets malfunctioning, resulting in the abnormal relaxation. Smoking and drinking, as well as heavy eating are all associated with the disease (Cederberg, Heggelund and Lundborg, 1991) and it comes with symptoms such as burning sensation in upper abdomen, sour taste of acid reflux in the mouth, excess belching and difficulty in breathing for some patients (Edvardsson, Heggelund and Lundborg, 1990). Fig. 1: A Person suffering from heartburns Source: Henderson, 2012 Peptic ulcers Peptic ulcer is a bacterial disease that involves damages to areas of the mucosa, commonly referred to as the inner lining of the stomach (Andersson et al, 1993). It would be noted that ulcers are generally wounds or open damages that affects various parts of the human body. Once such ulcers occur in the upper part of the intestine, also known as the duodenum or the mucosa of the stomach, peptic ulcer is said to have resulted. Peptic ulcers are commonly associated with the Heli cobacter pylori, which causes the ulcer in the identified spots of the stomach. As far as peptic ulcers are concerned, it is important that people know their state of risk to the disease so that they can moderate most of their intake contents including smoke, alcohol, some food and some medicine. This is because these intake contents have the potential of worsening risk of contracting the disease (Miners, Veronese and Birkett, 1994). Hitherto, it is advised that

Census research Koreans in LA Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Census Koreans in LA - Research Proposal Example This population continues to enlarge since the historic immigration into Bunker Hill two decades in the wake of the 20th century (Theme 98). Bunker Hill is in present-day Los Angeles. Then, this region was designated for non-whites and ethnic minorities were allowed to reside during the first two decades of the century. Earliest Korean immigrants into the US had domestic and casual jobs, which involved hard labor in manufacturing and other operating plants. The Korean community migrated into geographical territory covering the region from Vermont Streets and Normandie. This area is the present-day Korea Town, California. By the 1950s, Los Angeles received the second wave of ethnic Korean immigrants from the Korean War. This population combined with the descendants of the first-wave immigration influx of the 1900s and the demographics began to soar amid rising birth rates and continued intermarriage interaction with other races. Most of the Korean population worked as truck drivers, waiters, and domestic workers for most of the 20th century (Gives 87). Present demographic statistics indicates that Korean Americans living in California account for 18.5 % of the entire ethnic Korean demographic in the United States (Min 67). Los Angeles County is home to over half a million ethnic Korean – demographic includes intermarried and those of interracial

Risk - de Havillands Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Risk - de Havillands - Essay Example Its jets had many advantage vis-Ã  -vis high speed, quieter and more comfortable interior, distinctive design etc. But management’s decision to launch its first commercial jet ‘Comet’ was fraught with many mistakes and lacked proper and comprehensive risk management plan. de Havilland management’s hurry to be the first to launch jet aircraft commercially was important because it saw the launch of Comet as setting of the standards for the aircraft industry. It also wrongly assumed that because it was leading aircraft company and known for its high performing designs, it could repeat its success in the commercial market also. The lack of proper research and its apathy for the security of the customers was key managerial issue that was overlooked or not properly researched. The development of new products need to be well research and well tested before bringing it to the people. Though de Havilland had introduced innovative changes in its commercial jet, Comet, the changes were not tested extensively and the jet was launched in hurry. The faulty design of the jet had resulted in three massive crashes which ultimately discredited the company in the eyes of its various stakeholders. The various perspectives of de Havilland case are important ingredients because they help to execute projects successfully. In the Havilland case, priorities were set wrongly. Passenger safety was overlooked in order to become the first one to set standards for aircraft industry. Moreover, the new designs were not tested and risks were not identified from different perspectives and outcome. This was a major blunder especially as it put to risks the lives of the people or its passengers. As a project manager, the case study helps to identify the flaws in the project. In the highly competitive business environment, while gaining leverage in the market greatly facilitates business outcome but sustaining the

The making and breaking of port kembla Essay Example for Free

The making and breaking of port kembla Essay Locality and society are interlinked with worker communities as new labor is inducted in areas which are industrializing. The interaction between workers and communities is thus not constant and remains dynamic. As industrialization took place in the early 20th Century in Australia, workers communities grew around a predominantly agricultural hinterland. These got bigger each day and in turn threatened to displace local communities particularly the indigenous people who were unable to adapt to the changing environment. The emerging conflict led to creation of social institutions by workers in the form of unions to collectively bargain from a position of strength with the community. While this empowered worker communities as a whole, it had varying influences on the lives of workers within the community as well as at the work place. The post industrialization phase where production has been automated and has become far less labor intensive has added a new dimension to this relationship. By drawing upon the example of Port Kembla, the Australian steel township, Erik Eklund has successfully weaved together the historical narrative of interaction of the diverse forces which create a modern industrial society and how social forces enable some organizations to survive while others perish for lack of adaptability. Eklund’s social history of workers in Port Kembla very aptly describes the manner in which the working class fits into the community, the social institutions that the workers create to survive and flourish and the control that the workers gain over their own lives at work and in the community in the process. Port Kembla – The Social Environment Port Kembla is a classic case of emergence of an industrial society amidst the tectonic shifts that take place due to influence of many factors, global, local, war, peace and a depressed economy. Steel represents the primary agent of change in the industrial World. Port Kembla was the principal steel making area in Australia, where prominent steel makers had established their factories which had grown into large behemoths. But steel making is much more than just technology or organization of labor. It has many other facets such as creation of social classes, assimilation of outside forces, suppression of indigenous forces and resistance between these. The steel industry in Port Kembla underwent a number of changes over the years which in turn impacted the development of the community. Till the 1930’s the worker community relationship was mixed with a balanced influence of the informal non market economy and workers communities. However thereafter with the emergence of an industrial society the influence of class politics defined by the powerful role played by the unions which attempted to gain control of both the communities and the workers dominated the socio political panorama of Port Kembla. Global events such as the Depression, the World Wars, the global Depression and post War industrialization also had a powerful influence on community politics in Port Kembla. The creation of localities and their structures set the stage for discussion of class, locality and politics. The struggle waged by the indigenous people, the Kooris to survive the onslaught of industrialization in their native land is illustrative of the large scale social changes in Port Kembla which led to emergence of the supremacy of the Industrial Society in the post Second World War milieu. The final stage is the post industrial society; a process could lead to emergence of new social structures. The model of the workers in Port Kembla provides a successful portray of the social history of industrial society in Australia emerged over the years. Working Class and Overall Community Life The working class has emerged as a result of industrialization which has led to a large congregation of people working together in factories. There has been no other human activity which has brought together so many people in one location as production of goods through a machine economy. A study of the bureaucratic structure, the technology and external factors which influences work in factories and the interaction of the new work society which is formed due to redesigned occupational activity with the community provide an innate social perspective of this phenomenon in the industrial age. The working class emerges as a separate locality within the larger community; it gives them a sense of distinct identity. The co relationship between the working class and the community denoted is thus that of interdependency. However this relationship takes a long time to develop and cannot emerge merely by the artificial process of creating jobs. Jobs are just one part of the exercise of industrialization; it is the manner in which the working class and the community homogenize with each other that marks the holistic growth of an industry. This lesson stands out quite clearly through lucid portrayals of worker communities in Port Kembla. From the dirty, sooty, black image of steel furnaces which marked the early stages of industrialization in Port Kembla, it is seen that as the community grew so did the industry as well as the commercial establishments in the city. The social changes which brought about these linkages enabled a whole, â€Å"locality† of workers to emerge within the community. In turn the impact of local life and tenor on the emergence of the industrial society provides a fascinating perspective. The various waves that brought about change in the industry and concomitantly with the society also need to be well understood. Whether it is migration, gender awareness, a class struggle or redefining the identities of the locals, the working class fits into a local community’s life by creation of institutions for their own well being in the form of unions. Workers Social Institutions The workers needed to create support establishments to survive varied types of pressures, from capitalists, the depression in the economy and loss of jobs. They succeeded in creating adequate safety mechanisms to support themselves as a community. Port Kembla did not have many social institutions in the initial stages when industry was set up in the township. Thus there was a mixed culture with the establishment of Electrolytic Refining and Smelting (ERS) and Metal Manufacturers which carried on with the pre industrial age non formal institutions based on agriculture, fishery and hunting. But the growth of the steel industry under the leadership of BHP which established the Australian Iron and Steel led to creation of an industrial society. The congregation of labor in large numbers was implicit in creation of institutions by them for sustaining their rights and obtaining fair treatment. Unions were a natural corollary to industrialization in Port Kembla. The creation of unions was a safety mechanism that provided the labor working in the large steel factories a sense of security. This was the initial period of localism which soon came under threat from regionalism with the expansion of the steel industry linking Kembla with Wollongong. These forces attempted to displace gradually the locals who had focused on their own borough in the city and tried to create all encompassing institutions. On the social side, workers safety systems were also seen to be based on their kinship affiliation. This was more than evident in the early stages of migration of communities post Second World War as a large number of people from Eastern Europe, Greece and Italy as well as Vietnam and the Middle East came in to feed the expanded need of labor. These however remained a sub text within the larger text provided by the industrial associations of labor unions, which were the primary institutions for support created by workers in Kembla. Control of Workers Within and in the Community While the workers seem to have developed reasonable order in their working lives due to creation of unions, their influence within the community was relatively weaker. Thus while there was unity amongst the workers themselves due to unionized structure of their organization which was to provide a safety network, within the society there were many pressures. Firstly the worker community itself was divided into a large number of unions such as the AWU, the Federated Ironworkers, the South Coast Labor Council and also political parties as the Communist party which had a strong presence in Port Kembla. This division perhaps led to weakening the position of the unions as a whole in the community.