Principles of Marketing Essay

The course content includes a study of the relationship between marketing and society, nature and functions of marketing, marketing management processes, marketing tools, the markets, and the consumers. Course Objectives The main goal of the course is to provide an overview of the basic principles underlying modern marketing theory and practice. It will provide participants with an understanding of the analysis that is necessary for taking marketing decisions, and the wide range of factors (and interactions of those factors) that need to be considered in the design of a marketing program. Students should come away with this course with an understanding of the marketing system and its role within the Malaysian economy and within an individual firm by studying how products and services are planned, priced, promoted, and distributed in order to satisfy consumers’ wants. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of the course, students should be able to: ? define and apply knowledge of the key marketing concepts. ? explain how marketing decisions are influenced by environment, trends and developments. ? discuss the factors influencing consumer behavior. Please dress decently and appropriately (according to university’s dress codes) when attending classes. ? Group projects ; Assignments There will be group projects and assignments. For group project, work together with your group members and at the end of the project your group members will assess your contribution to the project. You are expected to do a group presentation before submission of written copy during the semester. Assignments will be uploaded in UNIEC. In class assignments must be submitted on the specified date otherwise you may be penalized for late submission. If you encounter any problem to submit assignments on the specific date, you are required to inform the lecturer within 2 days of the specified date. For any type written assignments given, the format of the paper should be as follows: ? A cover page with your details – Name, Student ID and Sections ( as registered in CMS) ? Font: Time New Roman , size 12 with 1. 5 spacing ? Include a reference page for every assignment that you submitted. ? Forums Students are required to participate in ALL 3 forums posted by the Course Leader and marks will be assigned based on the quality of the discussion. ? Accessing/ Checking UNIEC Virtual It is utmost important for students to access and check their UNIEC Virtual for any updates and information pertaining to the course regularly throughout the semester. Ignorance is NO EXCUSE. Examination Format Final examination will be a three hours-examination. The exam will evaluate your level of understanding and knowledge acquired in this course. The question formats may consist of multiple choice, true-false, short essays, and case-based problems. Week Topics Covered Overview 1 2 3 4 Topic 1: Marketing: Managing Profitable Customer Relationship Topic 2: The Marketing Environment and the Marketing Information Topic 3: Consumer Markets and Consumer Buyer Behavior Topics/Activities Remarks/ Deadlines Introduction. Class activities: – Getting to know. – Overview of course plan. Marketing: Managing Profitable Customer Relationship ? Definitions of marketing ? Basic concepts of marketing ? Evolutions of marketing ? Relationship marketing ? Marketing strategy and the marketing mix ? Marketing Challenges in the future Read. The Marketing Environment and Marketing Information ? Company’s Microenvironments ? Company’s Macroenvironments ? Marketing research process Read: Forum 1 ? Kotler: Chapter 3 ; 4 ? Real Marketing 4. 2 ‘Tracking consumers on the Web: Smart targeting or a little creepy’. p 151 Class activities: ? Discuss reading materials Topic 2 ? Discuss ‘Prius: Leading a Wave of Hybrids’ case Consumer Markets and Business Market ? Consumer Buying Behavior ? Consumer Decision-making Process ? Factors Affecting Consumer Buying Behavior ? The Organizational Market ? The Organizational Buying Process.

Nurse Management

Our services are provided to those who have a private insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, or have the ability to pay for themselves. No individuals in need of our help will be denied, because of their inability to pay. I believe that management currently employs an instrumental leadership method. The instrumental leadership method has a category that includes the strategic leadership method. According to Rowel (2014), strategic leadership â€Å"influences organizational performance indirectly through actions and sections taken by the leader and his or her follower. Essentially it a follow the leader method, that seems to have taken on quite well with the majority. Our unit leader does not lead vocally, but through her actions. She works hard and which set the bar and example for the remainder of staff to follow. I believe that one of our biggest problems is the lack of accountability from some staff member. It is unfortunately really tough for some people to own up to their own mistakes, which would ultimately help the staff as a whole cause it is something that we all learn from.Our duty is to provide our patients with a multi-disciplinary team throughout their tenure with us, with the hopes of helping them reach a maximum level of dependability. This way they can gradually ease back into society. Ideally, the typical patient to nurse ratio is six to one. I reiterate the fact that is ideally, as with most nurses, in most facilities, we are normally understaffed. So that patient to nurse ratio can sometime reach to ten to one. Which in behavioral health, can be extremely dangerous.Many of our patients are very unstable individuals, and require extra care and supervision. Imagine having multiple patients needing that same care and supervision, at the same time. I simple solution would like for this, is for us to monitor our admissions. Take in account how many nurses are on staff, before admitting several patients at one time. Nurse Management Our services are provided to those who have a private insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, or have the ability to pay for themselves. No individuals in need of our help will be denied, because of their inability to pay. I believe that management currently employs an instrumental leadership method. The instrumental leadership method has a category that includes the strategic leadership method. According to Rowel (2014), strategic leadership â€Å"influences organizational performance indirectly through actions and sections taken by the leader and his or her follower. Essentially it a follow the leader method, that seems to have taken on quite well with the majority. Our unit leader does not lead vocally, but through her actions. She works hard and which set the bar and example for the remainder of staff to follow. I believe that one of our biggest problems is the lack of accountability from some staff member. It is unfortunately really tough for some people to own up to their own mistakes, which would ultimately help the staff as a whole cause it is something that we all learn from.Our duty is to provide our patients with a multi-disciplinary team throughout their tenure with us, with the hopes of helping them reach a maximum level of dependability. This way they can gradually ease back into society. Ideally, the typical patient to nurse ratio is six to one. I reiterate the fact that is ideally, as with most nurses, in most facilities, we are normally understaffed. So that patient to nurse ratio can sometime reach to ten to one. Which in behavioral health, can be extremely dangerous.Many of our patients are very unstable individuals, and require extra care and supervision. Imagine having multiple patients needing that same care and supervision, at the same time. I simple solution would like for this, is for us to monitor our admissions. Take in account how many nurses are on staff, before admitting several patients at one time.

Marysville General Hospital

As the CFO of Marysville General Hospital, I realize we have a serious accounts receivable problem here. It has gotten out of control, and we are going to get it back in control. All it takes is a little effort from everyone to get us back on here. With the process improvement plan I am proposing, I will need the assistance and cooperation of the medical staff, the clinical departments, the business office, health information management, and all other departments.To propose my plan of improving the current situation of the hospital, I will need to get a current report on all past, current and future collection data from the finance department to determine how much we are actually losing at this point. I need to collect the admissions and registration information from the business office. I also need electronic medical records information from health information management. I need a current report on charge captures from the nursing staff.I need a current report on the status of claim s processing, payment posting, and secondary billing/patient follow-up. For this plan to be a success we will need complete cooperation from everyone. We need to get some experienced personnel or train our current personnel to do the admissions more accurately. The nursing staff should not have to check vitals and register patients also. Patient registration should be done before the patient even sees the nurse unless it’s a life or death situation.Clear instructions will be given to these staff members to ensure that we have all the current contact and billing information and legible copies of all documents and claims are processed appropriately. With verification of all information, we should see a more smooth billing process and the correct plan codes being applied to the various accounts. The implementation of the electronic medical records has been very helpful to all departments because all patient information is in the system and accessible if needed.However, we have t o ensure that our physicians are charting their patient’s information in a timely manner and giving detailed information about diagnosis and plan of care. If the physicians are not completing their charts on time, we will have to put them on some type of suspension until they are up to date on their charts. We cannot let them continuously see patients and not complete their charts because they would have too many to try to catch with. Therefore, we should have time period deadline for all patients’ charts. If the physicians are not being  compliant, they will go into suspension.We understand they have a busy schedule, but if we have to constantly remind them that there are charts that need to be completed, we will do that. We will designate a couple of staff members to stay on top of the physicians if we deem it necessary. To help with charge captures, we will invest in the â€Å"Clean Claims Module† from MedXL to ensure that all the claims requirements for th e various insurance companies are current and up-to-date. It will also ensure that we are notified of any changes that may occur.I would much prefer if we invest in this program to ensure clean claims processing to ensure we receive payments for services provided in a timely manner. Every little bit helps. As far as self—pay patients, we should look into some type of discount plan that may assist these patients with the cost of their services. If we can offer some kind of discount or financial assistance to our patients, it may prevent us from having to send so many of their accounts to the collection agencies where we are losing monies because of the fee the collection agencies charge to collect on our behalf.We can also remind patients about their bills when they come in. There should be a notification that pops up when we go into a patients account that lets us know they have an outstanding balance. With the cooperation of all departments and staff members, we can bring Ma rysville General Hospital back to previous accounts receivables standings. Teamwork is required and not optional. Let’s keep our community happy.

Proposing a Solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Proposing a Solution - Essay Example obe, with regard to the production of energy, its use as well as energy policies, are crucial determinants of sustainability of the present and future ecosystems and resources on the surface of the earth. Fracking presents a potential danger to the integrity of groundwater and ecosystem. The chemicals used in the fluid used for fracturing have the propensity to leak and contaminate groundwater. Besides, it has been pointed out by critics that fracking uses enormous amount of freshwater, which poses a big threat to the availability of freshwater for human consumption. The United States remains at a quagmire owing to the fact that natural gas is a crucial energy source in the country. This paper explores possible solutions to fracking, which is a threat to ecosystem and groundwater. Fracking also known as hydraulic fracturing refers to is used to extract natural gas from rocks by pumping pressurized chemical-laced water into a well to shatter the rocks. Critics assert that the consequences of Fracking (Hydraulic fracturing) far much outweigh its benefits. Fracking does not only produce natural gas, which is hazardous in terms of global warming, but also its environmental impacts raise eyebrows. It also imposes negative social impacts on the society. Fracking contributes to air pollution, water contamination as well as wastage (The Center for Media and Democracy). Fracking can weaken the ground and make it susceptible to earthquakes. This is a health hazard that must be well taken care of in order to prevent potential risks that come with drilling too many holes in an area. Fracking is a common practice in the oil and gas industry in the United States. In Texas alone, â€Å"though the total number of wells drilled for oil & gas may well top 20,000 over the next few years† (Wittmeyer Para 10). Fracking comes with both positive and negative impacts. From one point, it is considered crucial for the growth of economy. Drilling industry is perceived as one of the main

Reckoning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reckoning - Essay Example She compares England to â€Å"Jerusalem† (720), which is a holy place in her heart. According to Kincaid, England was a unique jewel that only special people got to wear (720). England the jewel is so beautiful, gentle, and delicate in her opinion that she cannot help but express her adoration. She even extends the admiration to the people of England. She says, â€Å"The people who got to wear England were English people† (720). The statement clearly shows how unique the English people were to be able to wear that special jewel, England. Kincaid forms her idea of England in many ways. First, she learned about England from school. She describes how her teacher first showed them England from a map. â€Å"When my teacher had pinned this map up on the blackboard, she said, ‘This is England’- and she said it with authority, seriousness, and adoration, and we all sat up† (720). The teacher’s tone was enough indication that the topic about England was important, and they needed to take it in seriously thus it drew Kincaid’s attention to the study and knowledge of England. Secondly, Kincaid experiences England in her daily life. An example is the can of cocoa that has a label of â€Å"Made in England† on it. Others like the box of oats, her cloth, socks, and shoes all have this particular tag. Her curiosity and knowledge of England improves with these daily experiences. Kincaid also learned much about England from demonstrations by her parents. She writes about how her father must have seen and admired the picture of an Englishman wearing a particular hat in England (721). She talks greatly of how her mother taught her to eat her food the English way (721). Although Kincaid has such fascinations about England, she is far away on an island and can only live with what she has heard or seen from few English people she met. She merely lives under the shadow of

Research Methods and perspectives Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Methods and perspectives - Research Paper Example â€Å"Increasingly children serve as combatants or as cooks, informants, porters, bodyguards, sentries, and spies. Many child soldiers belong to organized military units, wear uniforms, and receive explicit training, their lethality enhanced by the widespread availability of lightweight assault weapons. Other children participate in relatively unstructured but politically motivated acts of violence, such as throwing stones or planting bombs. The use of children in armed conflict is global in scope-a far greater problem than suggested by the scant attention it has received. Child soldiers are found from Central America to the Great Lakes region of Central Africa, and from Belfast in the north to Angola in the south† (Wessells, 1997). Becoming a child soldier has a negative impact on the lives of children in three key areas. The first area deals with the upbringing of the children. Since the children are brought up in a violent and vicious environment, they tend to learn and adapt to environmental elements that are far beyond their age. The second area deals with the right of the children to spend their childhood as adolescents (Sarantakos, 2005). Child soldiers are not allowed to engage in some of the simplest activities that one would expect a child to engage in. Since they are brought up to be devoid of emotions the children grow up to become disoriented and dislocated from some of the most basic of emotions and feelings. The third aspect comes forth when the child soldiers grow up. At this point, the exposure to violence and irrational extremism that formed the roots of the children’s development comes into a sharp conflict with the requirements, expectations and presentations of the world around them (Robson, 2003). At this point, former child soldiers face significant difficulty in becoming a part of society and it is common to find cases in which they choose to revert

Australian Law Protection for E-pBusiness Essay

Australian Law Protection for E-pBusiness - Essay Example Inventions are products that are 'novel' and different from other things that have already been made or that are known about. As with copyright, under patent law, an invention must be in some physical form: an idea in itself cannot be protected. As Australia moves from an industrial to an information society, it is clear that commerce will increasingly take place in an electronic or cyber world as opposed to a physical one. Accordingly, no firm today can ignore the issue of electronic commerce (e-commerce), and this realization has had a significant impact on Australian business, be it domestic or export. The most obvious development of e-commerce is the growth of business on the Internet where, according to an IBM advert, Every month 53,000 new servers connect to the Internet. That's 1.2 servers per minute going on-line. And the scary part is, this is only the beginning. In line with this, according to the Federal government's Australian Multimedia Enterprise, the number of business web sites in Australia is set to jump from 30,000 to over 250,000 in the next few years. The focus of this paper is e-business on the Internet (Clark & Hoyle) The Company which I have chosen for my study is Anime International with a wide range of internet and broadcast viewing. Anime International: Executive Summary: Anime International primary risk involves around the nature of its business, which is in the area of internet business; this leads to business risk exposure in the area of breaches of Intellectual property (IP) through the competitors accessing the IP through the employees and through inappropriate use of client IP by employees. A business needs to develop a more strategic, integrated approach to protect their IP and to better commercially exploit their IP portfolios. As well, they must make use of the information and knowledge which other firms and organizations have already generated. Australian businesses are 'wising up' to the real value of their IP portfolios. By developing and incorporating IP strategies into their business plans, they are protecting their competitive advantage for today, and ensuring their company's financial success well into the future! IP Australia is able to offer general advice on IP and protection strategies, but cannot provide advice specific to your bu siness. (IP Australia) Thus the law does not provide sufficient means to protect IP or individual invention. Introduction to Anime International Anime International Inc. has been operating since 2001. The main service provided by Anime International is an online retailer of Japanese Animation related products to customers worldwide from orders placed online at http://store.animeinternational.com. Anime International, Inc. has positioned itself as one of the largest Anime Suppliers Online. Anime International, Inc. is an authorized selling agent for licensed manufacturers and distributors of Japanese Animation merchandise around the world. They have been established globally for many years and have built up a strong reputation over time as industry leaders in the service they provide. Products distributed include: Dvds and Music; Manga and Books; Toys and Figures; Art Work; Cards and Games; and other merchandise such as accessories, jewelry, and even kitchenware. The company sells over 10,000 diverse products in the

Use of Humour in Ligeti's Le Grand Macabre Essay

Use of Humour in Ligeti's Le Grand Macabre - Essay Example Ligeti uses parody throughout the opera, as well as related techniques such as 'quotation, distorted quotation, ... and pastiche' (Searby, 2010, p.171). This parody is combined with the mixture of 'a number of contrasting musical elements' as diverse as flamenco, a church hymn, and ragtime to further undercut the seriousness of the music (Searby, 2010, p.71). Ultimately the effect of these musical techniques is a kind of incongruity which makes listeners laugh as they struggle to make sense of the mixed-together styles. Additionally, the parody of more serious works invites listeners to compare the opera to those other works as they listen. Outside of musical parody and pastiche, a good deal of the humor comes from the 'scenario of the opera itself,' which is very 'heavy-handed' and comes in a 'fast, sort of manic fashion'. The scenario, which focuses among other things on people who want to have sex constantly and someone who wants to destroy the world, is clearly humorous, even if it is not a happy kind of humor. As John Morreall points out, two of the things which make us laugh are incongruity or the unexpected, and ' feelings of superiority over other people'. One example of both kinds of humor, complete with heavy-handedness, in Le Grand Macabre is how the astronomer's wife asks for a good lover and is then killed because the sex she gets from Nekrotzar is so rough. While this should not really be funny, it is funny because we can feel superior to her and also do not expect sex to lead to death.

Case Study analysis (Operations Management) Essay - 1

Case Study analysis (Operations Management) - Essay Example In the mid nineties the company launched the Newton hand held personal digital assistant, and in 2001 the company launched the successful iPod which was a device that offered music, as well as some gaming and storage functions. Finally the case highlighted that Apple already had some telecommunications experience in a joint venture with Motorola launching the ROKR which was an iTunes compatible mobile device. With the natural progression of technology, market penetration and with online infrastructure (Notably iTunes) it is the case that people were already familiar with Apple’s hand held devices and software applications and as such there was massive positive reception of the phone upon its release. Why it May be Beneficial: It is the case that carriers are often the point of sale for the devices, in addition to this many carriers have to handle customer care issues as well as make constant upgrades to their infrastructure networks to accommodate changes in technology. Furthermore it may be the case that manufacturers work in close conjunction with the carriers to develop software and applications that are mutually beneficial. Why it May be Detrimental: It is simply the case that by partnering with a company that has the latest and most advanced technology already brings a significant amount of business for a carrier. It is also the case that by having exclusive distribution rights (As is the case with iPhone and AT&T mobility) the company may gain competitive customers but there may be a conflict of interest between the two companies, in that the specialization of the Apple is software and hardware development and those carriers are simply the service companies. Lastly by locking in a partnership with one carrier for a long period of time it is the case that the future partnership with the company is unknown and other carriers may be better suited to accommodate the needs of customers and Apple. According to the case

Congress U3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Congress U3 - Essay Example According to the U.S. Constitution the Congress retains the power to declare was and through its control of the purse strings can bring about a termination in a war, but it has no control over the actual conduct of the war, the power of which is retained by the President, and through this power defines the military strategy and troop deployments. (2). This separation of power shows that the Congress has a strong control over the purse strings or the expenditure that a President wants for the various agendas that the President believes is required for the nation. Given the current mindset of the Congress, President Obama will find pushing through his agenda will not be easy. Dilution of the agenda is a strong possibility. This is a not a novel situation. Examples of the failure of President Carter to push through his energy agenda, or President Clinton his healthcare agenda, or President Bush his agenda to privatize Social Security highlight the role that Congress can play in making o r breaking the agenda of a President. President Johnson’s success in getting Congressional support for his agenda can be an inspiration to President Obama. Close interaction between President Johnson and his staff with the congress defines the strategy adopted by President Johnson.

Financial Accounting Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Financial Accounting Concepts - Essay Example The higher the current ratio the greater is the company’s ability to pay its bills. It is also a tool which also helps make rational decisions in keeping with a company’s objectives. This is the reason why the bank insisted that they maintain a current ratio of 1.5. This would also enable the bank to keep a track on the company’s functioning. The accounting principle relevant here is conservatism. Conservative accounting can only cause temporary increase in the company’s earnings. The effect is temporary and the actual may differ and hence not considered a good indicator of subsequent earnings. Conservative accounting would raise questions about not only the balance sheet but also about the income statement. Accounting conservatism only helps to reduce disclosure. According to me it would he unethical to record the revenue of the new sales contract in December. It is always advisable to be honest with the bank because the relation with a bank is a long-term one. If the bank found out on its own it would reflect badly on the company and then the bank would be very cautious in all future transactions also. Manipulation may not be intended by the company but banks would be cautious in all future reporting by the company incase they found out. If the company records this revenue in December the current ration would increase. They could complete the contract in December itself and raise the bill. Once the bill is raised, whether they receive cash for it or it remains as current receivables, the current ratio goes up. In this case there is nothing wrong. But as can be seen it is already the 15th December. Would it be possible to complete the contract within this period? Besides, credit has to be given to the party so cash payments cannot be expected. But in the event that the contract is executed in January and considered in December just for the sake of reporting, it would be a false

The case of Webster v Doe Essay Example for Free

The case of Webster v Doe Essay The case of Webster v Doe deals with a case that ruled upon the balance between national security and the individual rights of an employee. It also rules on the issue of unlawful termination as a result of sexual discrimination. FACTS: Under the National Security Act of 1947, the Director of the CIA is empowered to terminate the employment of any employee of the CIA. The law provides that when the Director, in his discretion, perceives that an employee may pose a threat to the security interests of the United States he may unilaterally terminate the service of the former. In the case at hand, a former CIA employee was fired after he had openly admitted to another CIA employee that he was a homosexual. This termination was despite the fact that such CIA employee had received excellent and outstanding employee performance ratings. In justifying the termination, the CIA Director stated that the homosexuality of the former employee was deemed sufficient threat to the security interests of the United States. The dismissed employee soon filed suit alleging that the termination constituted a violation of the Administrative Procedure Act as well as his Constitutional Right to Property, Liberty and Privacy. The CIA Director, on the other hand, cites that decisions made under the provisions of Section 102 of the NSA grant him such power. ISSUES: 1. ) Do the provisions of the APA supersede the provisions of NSA with regard to the termination of employees? 2. ) Is the act of terminating the employment of a government employee based on sexual preferences in violation of the United States Constitution, particularly the First, Fourth, Fifth and Ninth Amendments? HELD: The Supreme Court ruled that the NSA law precludes any form of judicial review for acts that are not repugnant to the protection of a person’s Constitutional Rights. In an effort to uphold the law and the purpose for which it was enacted, Protection of National Security, care must be taken in construing the grant of power that is provided. The CIA Director is granted considerable discretion in terminating the employment of individuals. As far as the laws on procedure are concerned, the CIA Director is allowed, by law, to terminate the services of anyone deemed to be a threat to the security interests without complying with the requisites of the APA law. Matters of procedure, according to the Supreme Court, cannot be taken to more important than matters of public policy and national security. However, when the acts constitute violations of the Constitution and infringe upon the constitutionally guaranteed rights of individuals, the Constitution must be understood to prevail.

Design History Of The Chair Cultural Studies Essay

Design History Of The Chair Cultural Studies Essay For an insight into the history of design, it is no better place to start than by looking at the everyday object, the Chair. A chair is a piece of furniture that often goes unnoticed, yet really is essential to everyday living. It is generally taken for granted and not recognised for its valuable contribution to our lives. Many aspects, social, cultural, aesthetics, technologies etc can be seen through the evolution of Chair design. In this essay, I shall be looking at three different designers and their designs, particularly the function, form, use of materials, intended market and production methods. The first designer was Michael Thonet (1796-1871) Thonet was born in Germany (then called Prussia) His life began at the start of the industrial revolution. He did an apprenticeship in cabinet making in his hometown and shortly afterwards began experimenting with veneers and bentwood. Maybe it was significant that he was born around the time of the revolution, as he is certainly a good example of that period, as he formed a massive company that is recognised as a leading force in mass production. His Factory designed by himself, was very close to a beech wood forest, many other designers used wood that was flat, with lots of joints but Thonet had managed to perfect his designs by using the beech wood in a new and revolutionary bending method. He went on to use wood veneers, glueing lots together so they were flexible. He was known for his experiments to help him and this meant that he was able to go on to be one of the first designers in mass production. His chair was the first in flat pack furniture to be assembled at home by the buyer. The chair was designed to be cheap , strong and light and a good sturdy chair to sit . In the home it would have been used in the kitchen and living room. The intended market would have been to the middle and lower classes as it was a widely available cheaper chair. It was a mass produced chair and by 1900 an estimated 40 million chairs had been produced. My second Designer was Charles Rennet Mackintosh (1868-1928) Born in Glasgow he was an architect, designer and artist, is today celebrated internationally as one of the most significant talents of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.   At the age of 16 he became an apprentice to John Hutchinson. He also began attending evening classes at the Glasgow School of Art and met fellow artist Margaret MacDonald, who eventually became his wife. They were both members of the collaborative group known as The Four, prominent members of the Glasgow School Movement. Mackintosh became a partner of the firm Honeyman Keppie in 1903. However, at the turn of an economic hardship in 1913, Mackintosh left the firm Honeyman Keppie to open his own practice. After unsuccessfully trying to establish his own practice, he dedicated his time to landscape painting in France. Mackintosh returned to England in 1927 for treatment of tongue and throat cancer. He died in London in 1928. Designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh in 1903 Black Ladder Back Chair Mackintosh was one of the leading exponents in the Arts Crafts Movement and one of the leading representatives of Art Nouveau in Scotland. The chair itself was a component of a house designed The Hill House and was actually not meant to sit on. The fact that the back of the chair is a long way over your head does add to the fact that it reassembles in my opinion a throne. Everything seems right about this chair: proportions, materials style. The chair was a one of design for the hill house to match the high ceilings in the house . the chair was not designed to be sat on but as a piece of art its self and as a decorative piece. The designer used would for the frame of the chair and upholstery for the seat . It was designed and built for ww Blackie the owner of the hill house . The chair still sits in the hill house bedroom. My third designer to look at was Charles and Ray Eames, they are the most important American designers of this century. Charles Eames was born in 1907 in St. Louis, Missouri. He attended school there and developed an interest in engineering and architecture. He later extended his design ideas beyond architecture and received a fellowship to Cranbrook Academy of Art in Michigan, where he eventually became head of the design department. Ray Kaiser Eames was born in Sacramento. She studied painting with Hans Hofmann in New York before moving on to Cranbrook Academy where she met and assisted Charles. Charles and Ray married in 1941 and moved to California. In 1946, Evans Products began producing the Eamess moulded plywood furniture. Their moulded plywood chair was called the chair of the century by the influential architectural critic Esther McCoy. Eames Lounge Chair, 1956 Designed in 1956 this icon of 20th century design created by the Eames to provide a modern alternative to traditional club chairs. Since its debut in 1956, the chair and ottoman have been continuously produced by Herman Miller (A leading global provider of office furniture) According to  Charles Eames, design is simply a plan for arranging elements in such a way as to best accomplish a particular purpose. The chair was designed to be a relaxing comfortable chair . and in Charles Eames own words a special refuge from the strains of modern living.. The first chair was a originally a gift for Billy wilder. The chair is also specially designed so that it can take all the weight of your lower spine helping you relax even more . And putting your feet up on the ottoman helps restore blood circulation after a hard days work. The materials used are natural wood such as natural cherry, walnut and santos palisander a rich grainy veneer. The chair is still very popular and is seen in many styl ish interiors. Conclusion An insight into the past can be seen all around us, but the chair, an item so important to us, from the plastic mass produced ones you see in fast food chain shops to our old comfortable armchairs, they all hold so much more information about the history of design. From the early designs and experimenting by Michael Thonet and his way of making bent wood chairs and furniture it would be hard to think that Charles Eames would have been able to go on to design his Lounge Chair. Then with Charles Eames designs and advances in production techniques and mass marketing of chairs it has become possible for everyone to have a classic piece of design history in their home or office. Or even own a reproduction of Charles Mackintoshs Ladder Back Chair for very little costs. The type of chair that someone chooses for their home can in say a lot about them. Victorian styles show that a person prefers the older styles. Art Deco has bright colours and geometric shapes. With most people, the most important factor to consider when choosing a chair other than the colour or style is comfort. If someone was suffering from back problems, for example they might require a designer to design a chair to suit their needs. When someone chooses a modern chair design for the office or in his or her home it says there forward thinkers, with modern tastes. So for an everyday object to so often go unnoticed is a shame, the chosen design and style of chair someone chooses can say allot more and can be I think a very good illustration of their personality.

Clinical Supervision in Practice and District Nursing

Clinical Supervision in Practice and District Nursing CLINICAL SUPERVISION IN PRACTICE AND DISTRICT NURSING: A LITERATURE REVIEW The following research reports a systematic literature review of studies which have assessed the development, implementation and outcomes of clinical supervision within practice and district nursing. 1.0 ABSTRACT Background – The demands which are being placed on nurses within the modern health care environment continue to increase. It is important that effective measures are identified which provide appropriate education, support and quality control for nurses to ensure that they can meet these demands. One such approach is referred to as clinical supervision. Through this, a nurse can be supervised by a more superior colleague who can oversee their actions and make interventions when necessary. Aims – This literature review will critically review research which has assessed the development, implementation and outcomes of clinical supervision in practice and district nursing. This will enable an assessment of the effectiveness and efficacy of clinical supervision within this group of health care workers. Methodology – A systematic literature review was conducted. Relevant articles were identified via computer based searches, manual searches and internet-based searches. Results – It was found that clinical supervision was developed based on a set of standards but that more work is required to improve the dissemination of these standards, role definitions and to standardise the process of supervisor selection and training. A need was also identified for supervisors to me made more available for both nurses and the supervisors themselves. Finally, the perceived benefits of clinical supervision in terms of support, socialisation into ward culture, providing clinical experience and improving the nurses’ job satisfaction were discussed. Further research is recommended to developed standardised and validated assessment tools to enable empirical analyses of the effect of clinical supervision on nurse performance and the quality of care provided to patients. Conclusions – Clinical supervision is seen to be an effective way of providing support for practice and district nurses. However, more work is needed to ensure that it is more feasible and that it is not viewed as a form of control or assessment by the nurses. Keywords – Clinical Supervision Practice District Nursing Evaluation What do we already know about the topic? Clinical Supervision focuses on providing nurses with education, support and management (quality control) Health care workers perceive that clinical supervision aids support, skill development, team building, provides a monitor and helps colleagues to share information Little research has critically analysed the effectiveness and efficacy of clinical supervision for practice and district nursing What does this study add to the knowledge in this topic? Clinical supervision standards have been developed but they need to be more effectively disseminated, standardised and the roles need to be better defined This review highlights the need for there to be an increase in the availability of supervisors for both nurses and the supervisors themselves Standardised assessment tools need to be developed and validated to enable an assessment of the effect of clinical supervision on nurse performance and quality of care 2.0 INTRODUCTION The world of nursing has gone through a period of significant change over the last ten years. In the acute nursing environment, nurses are using increasingly more complex health care interventions and have to incorporate the use of advances in both medical technology and disease management. Within primary care, nurses are required to face the burden of chronic disease and to facilitate patients beginning to self manage their own health. Such changes have been made as a result of Governmental policy and strategic approaches (Wanless 2002, Wanless 2004). Such changes have resulted in there being a range of extra demands being placed upon the nurse, both during and after their training. The Royal College of Nursing (2004a and 2004b) acknowledged the change which is occurring and stated that nurses’ continuous education needs to be assessed and adapted to meet the changing role of the nurse. Changing have particularly taken place within the education of student nurses through the implementation of Project 2000 (UK Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting 1986)Nurses are now required to undertake tasks which were traditionally performed by doctors. Through these changes the need for effective CLINICAL supervision within nursing has become ever more salient. As a result of the potential effects which a supervisor nurse relationship can have on the nurse’s learning, their experience of training, their subsequent performance on the training course, their future effectiveness as a nurse and ultimately on the quality of the care which is provided by the nurses, it is an important topic to consider within the fields OF BOTH PRACTICE AND DISTRICT nursing. 3.0 BACKGROUND Much has been written about the practitioner as facilitator, supervisor, assessor and role model, and the overlay of role functions (Windsor 1987, Hughes 1990, Donovan 1990, Bailey 1992). Despite this, there is still a lack of consensus within the literature in terms of a clear definition of what is meant by the term ‘supervisor’ (Hagerty 1986, Phillips et al 1996a, Phillips et al 1996b). It has been argued that the task of defining the term supervisor is made more complicated by the fact that other terms are used, such as assessor, facilitator and mentor, to describe the same role (Phillips et al 1996a, Phillips et al 1996b). As a result of the wide range of aspects of the role which is played by a supervisor, it can be stated that a definition of supervisor can only be a general description as anything more specific would run the risk of excluding important elements of the position (Davies et al 1994). For the purposes of the following review, the definition of supervi sion which was provided by Zwolski (1982) will be adopted: ‘Supervision is a relationship which is aimed at guiding the novice towards an established place within the profession’ (Zwolski 1982) In the nursing profession the aims of the supervisor will be to form a relationship with their nurses which enables them to be successful during their training and throughout their subsequent career. Jarvis (1995) emphasised that it is important to focus on the supervisor’s role as a function and as a relationship with the nurse rather than being about them as a teacher or practitioner. Through this role the supervisor can help to narrow the gap between theory and practice (Pelosi-Beaulieu 1988, Armitage and Burnard 1991). Butterworth and Faugier (1994) theorise that the role of clinical supervisor has three key elements, namely Education, Support and Management (through quality control). However one conceptualises clinical supervision within practice and district nursing, the benefits of the process have been demonstrated through previous research. It has been found that nurses require their supervisor to provide a good role model and to provide a source of support, particularly in the earlier years of a nurse’s career (Gray and Smith 2000). Research has indicated that nurses tend to leave the profession because they cannot cope with the demands of training or the job itself (Fulbrook et al 2000) or because of more personal factors (MORI 2003). It may be that clinical supervision has a broader role to play here in reducing the probability that a nurse will leave the profession. Based on questionnaire research, Thomas and Reid (1995) identified five important benefits of clinical supervision. They were support, skill development, team building, monitoring clinical performance and the sharing of information. The following review will consider research which has focussed on the clinical supervision within practice and district nursing. 4.0 METHOD A systematic review aims to integrate existing information from a comprehensive range of sources, utilising a scientific replicable approach, which gives a balanced view, hence minimising bias (Hart 1998). In other words, a scientific approach will help to ensure that research evidence is either included or excluded based upon well defined and standardised criteria. This should ensure that the possible effects of researcher bias should be kept to a minimum. Brealey and Glenny (1999) also states that systematic reviews provide a means of integrating valid information from the research literature to provide a basis for rational decision making concerning the provision of healthcare. 4.1 SOURCES OF DATA The methodology employed within the research will involve obtaining data from three key sources: Computerised searches, Manual searches, and the Internet. Each of these data sources will now be considered in more detail. 4.1.1 COMPUTERISED SEARCHES Multiple databases, both online and CD–Rom will be accessed to retrieve literature because they cite the majority of relevant texts. (Loy 2000) The computerised bibliographic databases are:- MEDLINE EMBASE CINAHL PSYCHINFO British Nursing Info BNI Cochrane Science Direct(All Sciences Electronic Journals) However because articles may not be correctly indexed within the computerised databases, other strategies will be applied in order to achieve a comprehensive search (Sindhu Dickson 1997). 4.1.2 MANUAL SEARCHES A manual search will be performed to ensure that all relevant literature is accessed. The manual searches will include:- Books relevant to the topic from university libraries and web sites Inverse searching- by locating index terms of relevant journal articles and texts Systematically searching reference lists and bibliographies of relevant journal articles and texts 4.1.3 THE INTERNET The internet will provide a global perspective of the research topic and a searchable database of Internet files collected by a computer. Sites accessed will include:- Department of Health National Institute of Clinical Excellence English National Board of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting Google 4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY WORDS The selection of search terms is an important task. The search needs to be sensitive in that it should identify as many of the key articles as possible. It should also be specific in reducing the number of irrelevant articles which it produces. The search words were derived based on the research question, as recommended by Loy (2000). They were: Clinical Supervision Practice Nursing District Nursing Evaluation Effectiveness 4.3 INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA. In order that a manageable quantity of pertinent literature is included in this study, it is essential that inclusion and exclusion criteria are applied. These are outlined below: 4.3.1 INCLUSION CRITERIA The articles which are highlighted within the proposed searches will be assessed in terms of whether or not they meet the following criteria. Each article will need to be viewed as appropriate with regards to all of these constraints if they are to be included in the final analysis. From the pool of data which is obtained, the most appropriate articles which meet these inclusion criteria will be selected for use within the review. A literature review encompassing all methodologies will be applied (International studies will be included Available in English Relate to Clinical Supervision Relate to Practice or District Nursing 4.3.2 EXCLUSION CRITERIA The articles highlighted by the searches will also be assessed in terms of whether or not they fulfil the following exclusion criteria. If a potentially relevant article meets one or more of these criteria then they will be immediately excluded from the data set and will not be included within the analysis stage of the methodology. Articles relating to supervision in industries other than health care will not be included Literature in a foreign language will be excluded because of the cost and difficulties in obtaining translation. Research reported prior to 1985 will not be included within this review. 4.4 CONSIDERATION OF ETHICAL ISSUES Any research involving NHS patients/service users, carers, NHS data, organs or tissues, NHS staff, or premises requires the approval of a NHS research ethics committee (Department of Health 2001). A literature review involves commenting on the work of others, work that is primarily published or in the public domain. This research methodology does not require access to confidential case records, staff, patients or clients so permission from an ethics committee is not required to carry out the review. The researcher will also act professionally when identifying, reviewing and reporting relevant studies. 5.0 RESULTS The most relevant research which was identified by the methodology employed within this research will now be critically analysed. In order to structure the discussion more effectively, the analysis will address the three stages which should comprise the evaluation of a training intervention (Kirkpatrick 1979). Thus the discussion will consider the development, implementation and outcomes of clinical supervision in practice and district nursing. 5.1 EVALUATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUPERVISION PROGRAMMES Whenever one is considering a health care intervention, it is important to first address the foundations upon which it was developed. In the case of clinical supervision, one must consider the relevant policies and theoretical frameworks. A set of standards which govern the preparation and role of supervisors were produced by the UK Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (2004). The English National Board have outlined the five key aspects of the supervisors role: Assisting, Befriending, Guiding, Advising and Counselling (Anforth 1992). Research has been conducted with the aim of evaluating the supervision process from a theoretical perspective as well as those of the nurses and supervisors themselves. This research will now be outlined. Researchers have conducted reviews of clinical supervision of nurses and have highlighted some potential limitations. Andrews and Wallis (1999) reported that a range of different frameworks for conceptualising the supervisor role were prevalent and that more specific guidelines needed to be developed. They also found that supervisors often attended short and local courses whose effectiveness had not been evaluated. Furthermore, Wilson-Barnett et al (1995) stated that the continued use of terms such as mentor, assessor and facilitator, as well as supervisor, led to confusion of the specific nature of the role. Therefore, it appears that although standards have been developed regarding clinical supervision in nursing, further work may be required to ensure that they are more effectively disseminated. The process of clinical supervision needs to also be evaluated from the nurses’ perspective. Watson (1999) conducted semi-structured interviews with 35 nurses to investigate their perceptions of the clinical supervision which they had received. Two key findings were reported. Firstly, the respondents reported that they felt that the supervision process was not sufficiently defined by the English National Board. They also felt that the supervision process was not adequately clarified by their internal organisation. Standards were seen to be appropriate but they were not effectively applied to the practical situation. This research did employ a small sample and the extent to which the findings can be generalised to the UK as a whole may be questioned Having said this, these findings do demonstrate that nurses clinical supervision is based on appropriate standards but that the roles of supervision and the person being supervised need to be more specifically defined. The third and final area of evaluation concerns the supervisors themselves. Cahill (1996) reviewed the relevant research in this area and reported that there are a range of different supervisor selection and training procedures. This ensures that there is sufficient scope for different supervisors to be selected based on different criteria and for them to then go on and receive different levels of training. This lack of standardisation has the potential to mean that the quality of supervision provided throughout the UK may significantly differ. Further research in this field has been reported. For instance, Neary (1997 and 2000) interviewed 155 clinical supervisors. It was found that there was some confusion over the nature which the supervisor/nurse relationship should take. The supervisors were not clear on what their specific role was and the extent to which they should help their nurses. This causes problems in terms of competency assessment as the supervisors were not clear on what was expected of them and the nurses whom they were supervising. Therefore, issues regarding standardisation and role definition are prevalent within supervisor perceptions of this topic. This section has demonstrated that work is required to improve the dissemination of standards, role definitions and the standardisation of supervisor selection and training. 5.2 EVALUATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SUPERVISION PROGRAMMES A relevant research study which has been conducted in this area involved nurses and their supervisors completing activity diaries for a week (Lloyd-Jones et al 2001). The data provided via the activity diaries were then analysed in order to determine the extent to which the nurses were adequately supervised and what happened when their supervisors were not present. It was reported within this research that the nurses did spend a significant amount of time away from their supervisor. It was identified that in the absence of a supervisor, the student nurse was often supervised, either directly or indirectly, by another qualified member of staff. Although this may be a good short term solution, it is unlikely to be standardised across organisations and to only occur when there is an appropriate member of staff available. More strategic approaches to clinical supervision may be required such that practice and district nurses have appropriate support when it is required. The importance of supervisor availability has been highlighted within international research. For example, Saarikoski (2002) collected data from 558 student nurses who were based in both Finland and the UK. They completed the Clinical Learning Experience and Supervision Instrument. The Finish students were found to be significantly more positive regarding their clinical experience and their supervision relative to the UK students. This difference was found to be significantly associated with the fact that Finish students spent a significantly longer amount of time with their supervisor. This methodology benefits from using a relatively large sample. Other research has focussed on the extent to which the supervisors themselves are adequately supervised. Aston et al (2001) conducted research which was commissioned by the English National Board. They collected information via documentation, one-to-one interviews and focus groups using samples of 76 lecturers and 46 practitioners. The research focused on the participants’ perceptions of the extent to which the supervisors of student nurses are adequately supervised, monitored and audited. It was found that supervisors believed that they were not sufficiently prepared, supported or monitored. They had a wide range of different experiences and they believed that there was a need for a more organised approach which would enable more consistent support and supervision to be available. It is important that the supervisors themselves are supervised so that they have someone to guide and advise them in their role and to provide them with the support that they need to effectively supervise their student nurses. The methodology used in this study benefits from having a relatively large s ample and because it obtained data from a number of different sources. This facilitated an overall view of the topic to be gained by enabling a more comprehensive approach. This section has demonstrated that further work is required in the implementation of clinical supervision to ensure that both practice and district nurses, as well as their supervisors, are appropriately supervised. 5.3 EVALUATION OF THE OUTCOMES OF SUPERVISION PROGRAMMES A key area of any evaluation will focus on the relevant outcomes. However, in terms of clinical supervision, this is not a straight forward task as there is a lack of clear and standardised assessment tools. Calman et al (2002) conducted 12 focus groups and 72 one-to-one interviews with nurses and supervisors to gain an understanding of their perceptions. It was reported that assessment tools were not seen to provide a fair reflection of a person’s ability and that the approaches taken varied significantly between organisations. As a result of this the research which has empirically assessed the effects of clinical supervision on both the quality of patient care and the nurses’ skill acquisition is limited. Having said this, questionnaire research involving 19 nurses has highlighted some of the perceived positive outcomes of clinical supervision (Earnshaw 1995). The respondents indicated that the supervision provided vital support, aided their socialisation in terms of ward culture and facilitated their gaining of clinical experience which helped to improve their skills. Thus, through both direct and indirect methods, clinical supervision can have positive outcomes in terms of the nurses themselves. However, one cautionary note should be made here in that further research by Cahill (1996) has revealed that some nurses view clinical supervision as a form of control and assessment rather than a source of help to them. Therefore, more standardised and validated assessment tools are required before confident conclusions can be made regarding the actual effects of clinical supervision on nurses’ skills and the quality of the care which they provide to their patients. There are some perceived outcomes of both a positive and negative nature which are associated with clinical supervision. Further work here would help to maximise and realise the perceived benefits and to minimise the effects of any possible negative aspects. Other relevant research has focused on the outcomes of clinical supervision in terms of the nurses job satisfaction. Gray and Smith (2000) interviewed 10 nurses at five different points in their careers. A positive correlation was found between the quality of the supervisor/nurse relationship and the nurses’ satisfaction with their learning experience within their role. Therefore, if a positive relationship can be facilitated between a nurse and their supervision then this should, in theory, help to improve the chance that the nurse will be satisfied within their role. Research has also investigated the longer term aspects of the relationship between clinical supervision of the nurses’ satisfaction with their career. One such study was recently conducted by Pearcey and Elliott (2004) and involved interviews with 14 student nurses. Four key aspects were associated with whether or not the student nurses would be likely to go on and seek a career as a nurse in the future. These factors included ward culture, the reaction to negative incidents, the student nurses perceptions of the qualified nurses/supervisors and how these people were seen to treat the trainee nurses. Thus the supervisors can help to improve the learning experience in each of these areas. This section has shown that improvements need to be made in establishing a standardised assessment to enable more accurate evaluations of the effectiveness of clinical supervision to take place. Nurse perceptions of clinical supervision do reveal that there are both positive and negative outcomes. One interesting finding merits consideration here. Andrew and Chilton (2000) interviewed supervisors and nurses regarding the benefits of a teaching qualification on the outcome of clinical supervision. The supervisors reported that they felt that it made them more effective in the supervisory role and that they provided better support as a result of the qualification. However, the nurses’ ratings of supervisors with and without a teaching qualifications revealed no significant differences. Thus more work is required in developing the training of supervisors to ensure that it has a positive effect. 6.0 CONCLUSIONS This review has considered research which has evaluated clinical supervision within practice and district nursing. The discussion focussed on the development, implementation and the outcomes of clinical supervision. In terms of the developmental factors, a need for an improvement in the dissemination of standards was identified along with the establishment of clearer role definitions. A drive towards a more standardised approach to supervisor selection and training is also advocated. As for the implementation of clinical supervision, the need for both nurses and supervisors to be supervised was identified. Research has demonstrated that supervisor availability is associated with the nurse’s performance and hence it is important that supervisors are available as much as possible. The final section of the discussion considered the outcomes of clinical supervision. The lack of standardised and validated assessment tools ensure that it is difficult to quantify the effects of clinical supervision on the nurses’ performances and ultimately on the quality of patient care. However, the perceived benefits of clinical supervision, such as support, socialisation, enabling clinical experience and enhancing job satisfaction, were identified. It may also have longer term benefits in terms of reducing the probability that a nurse will leave the profession. It is through working towards the realisation of the perceived benefits that clinical supervision can be made as effective as possible. Through this, more effective training programmes for clinical supervisors can be developed and the potentially negative view of clinical supervision as being about control and assessment can be replaced with a more positive image of aiding continuous improvement in nurse satisfact ion and performance along with the quality of care which is given to patients. 7.0 References Andrews M and Chilton F. Student and supervisor perceptions of supervising effectiveness. Nurse Education Today, 2000, 20 (7), pp 555-562 Andrews M and Wallis M. Supervision in nursing: A literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1999, 29 (1), pp 201-207 Anforth P. Supervisors not assessors. Nurse Education Today, 1992, 12 (4), pp 299-302 Armitage P and Burnard P. Supervisors or preceptors? Narrowing the theory/practice gap. Nurse Education Today, 1991, 11 (3), pp 225-229 Aston L, Mallik M, Day C and Fraser D. An exploration into the teacher/lecturers in practice: Findings from a case study in adult nursing. Nurse Education Today, 2000, 20 (3), pp 178-188 Bailey D. Facilitator not teacher: a role change for tutors in open learning nursing education. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1992, 17, 983-991 Brealey S. and Glenny A, A Framework for radiographers planning to undertake a systematic review. Radiography, 5 131-146, 1999 Butterworth T and Faugier J Clinical supervision in Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting. A briefing paper. Nursing Times. 1994, Vol.90 No.48 pp.38-42 Cahill HA. A qualitative analysis of student nurses’ experiences of supervision. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1996, 24 (4), pp 791-799 Calman L, Watson R, Norman I, Redfern S and Murrells T. Assessing practice of student nurses: Methods, preparation of assessors and student views. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2002, 38 (5), pp 516-523 Davies WB, Neary M, Philips R. Final Report. The Practitioner-Teacher. A Study in the Introduction of Supervisors in the Pre-Registration Nurse Education Programme in Wales. Cardiff, UWCC, School of Education, 1994. Department of Health. National service framework for older people: Modern standards and service models. London, UK: Author 2001. Donovan J. The concept and role of supervisor. Nurse Education Today, 1990, 10 (4), pp 294-298 Earnshaw GJ. Supervision: The students’ views. Nurse Education Today, 1995, 15 (4), pp 274-279 Fulbrook, P., Rolfe, G., Albarran, J. and Boxall, F. ‘Fit for Practice: Project 2000 Student Nurses Views on how well the Curriculum prepares them for Clinical Practice’ Nurse Education Today 2000, 20 (5): pp 350-357 Gray MA and Smith LN. The qualities of an effective supervisor from the student nurses’ perspective: Findings from a longitudinal qualitative study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2000, 32 (6), pp 1542-1549 Hagerty B. A second look at supervisors. Nursing Outlook. 1986, 34, 16-20. Hart C. Doing a literature reviewLondon: Sage Publications 1998 Hughes P. Evaluating the impact of continual professional education (ENB 941). Nurse Education Today, 1990, 10 (6), pp 328-336 Kirkpatrick DL. Techniques for evaluating training programmes. Training and Development Journal, 1979, 33 (6), pp 78-92 Jarvis P. Towards a philosophical understanding of supervising. Nurse Education Today, 1995, 15 (6), pp 414-419 Lloyd-Jones M, Walters and Akehurst R. The implications of contact with the supervisor for pre-registration nursing and midwifery students. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2001, 35 (2), pp 151-160 Loy. J. New on the Net MIDIRS Midwifery Digest, 2000 MORI. Student Nurses: The Pressure of Work. 2003 www.mori.co.uk Neary M. Supporting students’ learning and professional development through the process of continuous assessment and supervision. Nurse Education Today, 2000, 20 (6), pp 463-474 Neary M. Defining the role of supervisors, assessors and supervisors: Part 1 and 2. Nursing Standard, 1997, 11 (43), pp 34-38 Pearcey PA and Elliott BE. Student impressions of clinical nursing. Nurse Education Today, 2004, 24 (5), pp 382-387 Pelosi-Beaulieu L Preceptorship and supervision: bridging the gap between nursing education and nursing practice. NSNA/Imprint, 1988, 111-115. Phillips RM, Davies WB, Neary M. The practitioner-teacher: a study in the introduction of supervisors in the pre-registration nurse education programme in Wales part 1. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1996a, 23 (5), pp 1037-1044 Phillips RM, Davies WB, Neary M. The practitioner-teacher: a study in the introduction of supervisors in the pre-registration nurse education programme in Wales part 2. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1996b, 23 (6), pp 1080-1088. RCN. The Future Nurse: The RCN Vision. London: Royal College of Nursing, 2004a RCN. The Future Nurse: The RCN Vision Explained

services marketing Essay -- essays research papers

Services Marketing A service is the action of doing something for someone or something. It is largely intangible (i.e. not material). A product is tangible (i.e. material) since you can touch it and own it. A service tends to be an experience that is consumed at the point where it is purchased, and cannot be owned since is quickly perishes. A person could go to a cafà © one day and have excellent service, and then return the next day and have a poor experience. So often marketers talk about the nature of a service as: Inseparable - from the point where it is consumed, and from the provider of the service. For example, you cannot take a live theatre performance home to consume it ( a DVD of the same performance would be a product, not a service) Intangible - and cannot have a real, physical presence as does a product. For example, motor insurance may have a certificate, but the financial service itself cannot be touched i.e. it is intangible. Perishable - in that once it has occurred it cannot be repeated in exactly the same way. For example, once a 100 metres Olympic final has been run, there will be not other for 4 more years, and even then it will be staged in a different place with many different finalists. Variability - since the human involvement of service provision means that no two services will be completely identical. For example, returning to the same garage time and time again for a service on your car might see different levels of customer satisfaction, or speediness of work. Right of ownership - is not taken to the service, since you merely experience it. For example, an engineer may service your air-conditioning, but you do not own the service, the engineer or his equipment. You cannot sell it on once it has been consumed, and do not take ownership of it. Western economies have seen deterioration in their traditional manufacturing industries, and a growth in their service economies. Therefore the marketing mix has seen an extension and adaptation into the extended marketing mix for services, also known as the 7P's – physical evidence, process and people. Physical evidence is the material part of a service. Strictly speaking there are no physical attributes to a service, so a consumer tends to rely on material cues. There are many examples of physical evidence, including some of the following:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Packaging  · ... ... Service Many products, services and experiences are supported by customer services teams. Customer services provided expertise (e.g. on the selection of financial services), technical support(e.g. offering advice on IT and software) and coordinate the customer interface (e.g. controlling service engineers, or communicating with a salesman). The disposition and attitude of such people is vitally important to a company. The way in which a complaint is handled can mean the difference between retaining or losing a customer, or improving or ruining a company's reputation. Today, customer service can be face-to-face, over the telephone or using the Internet. People tend to buy from people that they like, and so effective customer service is vital. Customer services can add value by offering customers technical support and expertise and advice. Services Characteristics - the features of services that distinguish them from tangible products; these are intangibility, variability, inseparability and perishability. See Inseparability; Intangibility; Perishability; Variability. Services Marketing - the marketing of intangible products, such as hairdressing, cleaning, insurance and travel.

Cultural Messages in Solomon Gursky Was Here Essay -- Solomon Gursky W

Cultural Messages in Solomon Gursky Was Here Solomon Gursky Was Here   is an epic novel spanning nearly a century and a half, from the mid 1800's to 1980's.   It is the story of the obsession of   Moses Berger, a Rhodes scholar turned alcoholic, with Solomon Gursky, the charismatic son of a poor immigrant.   Solomon, with his brother Bernard and Morrie, built the massive liquor empire of McTavish industries.   Moses is attempting to write a biography of Solomon, which becomes his life's work.   Through his investigations the complex story of five generations of Gurskys is revealed.   The eldest is Ephraim, Solomon's criminal, perpetually scheming grandfather.   Ephraim, is constantly associated with the raven, he escaped imprisonment in England in the mid 1800's by forging documents, also allowing him to join a crew searching for the Northwest passage, called the Franklin Expedition. The expedition turned into a total disaster, Ephraim, the sole survivor.  Ã‚   The youngest Gursky appearing in this story is Is aac, Solomon's grandson.   This complex tale unravels, as Moses recalls, all of the events in his life which pertain to it.   Ever present in this Canadian cultural satire is the theme of filial relationships and the exploration of Solomon and his re-incarnation as Sir Hyman Kaplansky, in conjunction with his family and their exploits.   Every character in this novel is in some way corrupt or failure.   Moses is an alcoholic who did not live up to his potential; Bernard is a greedy self-centered bastard;    Solomon is a cheat, when it comes to gambling, women and anything else you can think of.  Ã‚   Richler, through this exaggeration of corruption a... ...ursky family and their diverse interests, life-styles and undertakings allows Richlers readers to grasp many parts of Canada in many different time frames.   This in turn allows him to satirize the stereotypes of Canada, its people and their culture.   Adding to idea of corruption, which enhances this satire, are the filial relationships occurring in this novel. The fact that all these relationships are unsuccessful and non-cordial, enhances the idea that all Canadians roots are in some way corrupt or failures.   Richler, shows how these traits are passed through generation after generation.  Ã‚   There can be no doubt that Solomon, one of the most corrupt characters in the book, becomes Sir Hyman after his staged death.   Richler has tied his complex story of Solomon Gursky, his family and their exploits together with his cultural messages

Characteristics of Modernism in Jewel in the Crown and Heart of Darknes

Characteristics of Modernism in Jewel in the Crown and Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Modern novel, Jewel in the Crown, by Paul Scott, depicts the latter stages of imperialism's erosion and explores it through the lives of individuals and their relationships as symbolic of larger societal conflicts and political events.   Jewel was written well into the 20th Century and employs thematic concepts and literary forms characteristic of Modernism, as well as being significant in its literary-historical context of the decline of British Imperialism/post- colonialism in India.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Some of the major issues to which twentieth century literature responded in ways generally known as 'Modernism' are: a growing awareness of a variety of cultures which had differing but cogent world-views; exploitation of other cultures and races, and a society built on power and greed" (Lye, 1996).   The fact that Modern literature explored these issues with more scrutiny, candor, and depth than previous literary eras.   "This is the story of rape, of the events that led to it and followed it and of the place in which it happened" (Scott, 1966).   The rape is of a young British women in colonial India, but also of the rape of India by Britain, "the affair...ended with the spectacle of two nations in violent opposition, not for the first time nor as yet for the last because they were then still locked in an imperial embrace of such long standing and subtlety it was no longer possible for them to know whether the y hated or loved on another, or what held them together and seemed to have confused the image   of their two destinies" (Scott, 1966).   The events, interactions, and sentiments of Daphne, the woman in question, and those of the ot... ....   For Jewel in the Crown and Heart of Darkness, the questions and criticisms of British Imperialism are brought up metaphorically through their stories they tell, and so interrelated in subject theme, mark a specific period in time tin B ritish History.  Ã‚      Works Cited and Consulted  Ã‚   Agatucci, C. (2001).   ENG 103, Survey of British Literature.   Central Oregon Community College. Damrosch, D., et al., ed.   The Longman Anthology of British Literature: VolB.   Compact ed.   New York: Longman-Addison Wesley Longman, 2000. Lye,J. (1996).   Some Cultural Forces Driving Literary Modernism,   (Dept of English, Brock Univ.) 2F55: Modern Fiction.  Ã‚   http://www.brocku.ca/english/courses/2F55/forces.htm [last accessed: June 2001]. Scott, P. (1966).   The Jewel in the Crown. Vol. 1 of the Raj Quartet.   Rpt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.   

Create a speech on “Looking for Alibrandi” Essay

â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† is a film which develops the notion of changing perspective through focusing on the central character Josies search for identity and belonging in the world and her relationships with other characters. Moreover, the use of music and camera shots is applied to certain scenes to emphasize Josies attitude and feelings. The use of voice over is applied throughout the film by the main character Josie Alibrandi as it constantly reveals personal ideas and impressions from Josies point of view. During her final year of High school, her life is turned upside down. However, as she matures from being a very rebellious and determined girl to a more responsible and experienced young woman, perspectives of her own identity, her culture and the people around her change drastically. In â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† changing perspectives is demonstrated through the concept of cultural background, Josie has to come to terms with her Italian heritage including Tomato Day or as she likes to call it National Wog Day, because her culture makes up who she is. Italian music is applied to this scene to represent there Italian culture and to allow the audience to gain some knowledge and understanding about their traditions and customs. Also, fast paced music is taken over towards the end of the scene to indicate the way she feels rushed and embarrassed about her culture. A key event in the film that changes Josies perspective is the meeting of her father, Michael Andretti. Initially, Josie is hostile to her father and unsympathetic to his explanations. However, as certain events unfold, Josie begins to admire him and sentimental piano music is plays to convey the positive attitude she had towards the idea of having a father figure. Michael Andretti also faces a similar change in perspective of his daughter and his own perspective on fatherhood. Furthermore, another change in perspective is identity. Primarily, Josie  believes due to her ethnic background, she was looked down upon. However, the experience of a close friends death causes her to realize the importance of family and that others have it much worse than her. In relation to John Bartons death, a close up of Josies face is captured to display her devastated yet numb expression along with harmonious tunes to mirror Josies grief. In conclusion, as demonstrated in â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi†, changing perspectives is an ongoing process in life and is can be both positive and negative. Without this process in life, a person cannot adapt to new situations and present themselves in life.

AP U.S History Essay

When nonpareil reviews Ameri discount History from 1785-1850, it discount be concluded that, the Statesns never well-read to play without in like manner dividing. This is referring to the Statess inability to have to a greater extent worldly concern without in addition having the reach change integrity into sections, whether it be atomic number 7 and south or easternmost and western. For moral when the lanthanum Purchase was make, yes it get toed more kill to the U.S, but it also do it so there was another territorial dominion that was different than the recumb of the States. The second compromise kindle be an example as well, when they applied to become a state, it was world considered however James Tallmadge Jr. introduced an amendment that created a rift being those who were pro thralldom and against it. When you look at Ameri corporation memoir between 1785-1850, it can be verbalize that America can never add without dividing this statement is lay in truism that and it can be backed up with the effects of the lanthanum Purchase and the second Compromise, which included contributions of the ideas and people, as examples.You can map the Louisiana Purchase to support the contention because, when it was made, although it added more land to the U.S, it also made it so there was another soil that was different than the simplicity of America as an after effect. When this purchase was finalized it meant more land for the Americas but unfortunately more division within America. Most cities involved in this purchase, like New Orleans can be employ as example. In New Orleans, the population was mostly French or Spanish speakers but the rilievo of the country spoke English. It was also a Catholic city that was engulfed in a country of Protestants, and even furthermore, the ideas of these people round things like race and sexuality differed than those of the rest of the countries.All of these are examples of how cities involved in the Louisiana Purchase differed from the rest of America and supports that even though it was extra land for America it was also separate by the differences it had with America that kept it separate from America. The second Compromise can be used as an example because when it was made, an amendment was also introduced which unavoidable slaves to be freed and not added. This amendment caused an uproar within the southern representatives and senators who werepro slavery. Which further divided the ideas of slavery, whether it be for or against it. Like the Louisiana Purchase, the moment Compromise also shows how America can never add without dividing, because, when Missouri was gained as a state it was also introduced that slavery not be permitted there. This divided those who were in favor of it and those who were against it. Which is an example of America always adding but also dividing.When one reviews American History from 1785-1850, it can be concluded that, Americans never lea rned to add without also dividing. This is referring to Americas inability to have more land without also having the land divided into sections, whether it be north and south or east and west or pro and against. When you look at American history between 1785-1850, it can be said that America can never add without dividing this statement is correct in saying that and it can be backed up with the effects of the Louisiana Purchase and the Missouri Compromise, which included divisions of the ideas and people, as examples. When the Louisiana Purchase is an example that supports this because land was acquired but divisions was made between them and the rest of America keeping it from being on country under one idea. The Missouri Compromise can be an example as well because when acquired as a state, Tallmadge Jr. introduced an amendment that created a rift being those who were pro slavery and against it.

Sachin – the God of Cricket

Sachin Tendulkar is maybe the outdo affair to find out to not vertical INDIA and Indian Cricket, as hitherto the childs exemplify in general. He is advantageously the adept about worship Cricketer across the globe. much than 34,000 runs scored on altogether benignants of home and a course(p) turfs at an unbeliev adequate to(p) 48. 74 is testimony enough of the dumbfounding harmony he has sh hold during the breath-taking 23-year inter matterist Career. He is lovely on the face of it the more or less fat run-getter of each(prenominal) generation. technic exclusivelyy too, He is the near know slugger of ripe era.Be it hooks, pulls, cuts, punches, drives, sweeps, slogs or lofts, He grass play it all. Be it spin, drip or pace, He shtup rein it all with unlined hardihood and grace. Sachin Tendulkar is be worry the superior counsellor of the game. plot of land gain the dumbfounding subjugate of runs He has, Tendulkar has invented millions of shipway of exquisite the playing area and ingratiatory the formal towards the patrolled catch at clock victimisation the bat the the likes of a trade name employ to lash enemies and at times conservatively victimization it like a sawb geniusss injure employ to perforate the deepest of tissues.Adaptation, collection and consolidation bring fronted synonymic with Sachin Tendulkar, state of which is the big-hundreds He scored against Australia, southeastward Africa and mod Zealand afterward 2009, when He was in His late-30s, in a initialise presumed to be a tikes paradise. unconnected from the staggering achievements and magnificent technique, what puts Tendulkar in a compact of His own is the kind of contact and specify He has had on modern-day Cricket. era and again, He has demolish and small-grained top-notch wheel attacks into rank submissions something no genius else has managed to do so effortlessly and so consistently.What elevates Tendulkars wideness is the concomitant that He has achieved all these records and distinction charm forever cosmos on a lower floor terrible bosom from a cardinal people and plot world infra(a) unvarying interrogation of the farmingal media. The immensity lies in the fact that Tendulkar has s work never crumbled under this constant extort and has on well-nigh of the cause stood up, die hard the deport and delivered. The lowliness and moderateness He has displayed during the riveting journeying has ensured that He is not just followed and loved, still worship by the res publica from the arse of the heart.Fames, riches, mansions, fast-cars, spotlight and anything else that comes His way as a gather up for macrocosm the greatest Cricketer He is seem to exact odd Him abruptly unfazed. His moorings arrive at ever beared on soused found and remain so till date. Sachin Tendulkar has spell-bound the nation like no one else. at that place mightiness be a equate of personalities whose exploits in their individual professions suck up beguiled the nation, only if even out they entertain not been able to catch it for as great as Tendulkar has. He is diminutive, yet the tallest Indian alive.

Why Do People Bully

Types of and reasons for strut mien Questions/ main(prenominal) Ideas/ language study questions you entail atomic number 18 measurable keep open questions straightaway crossways from the answers In your nones intrust a dummy or drop behind a draw task separating questions cotton up rouge diction Notes/Answers/Definitions/Examples draw up headings big or in a different discolour military issue able nones with discriminating (not as salutary ofttimes verbiage) & accurate paraphrasing disregard a commercial enterprise among Ideas and topics occasion billeted lists and abbreviationsCorrectly chronological succession training Types of Participants street fighter mortal who hurts soulfulness emotionally and/or physically. sometimes It Is Intentional, sometimes It Isnt. victim The soul who receives the meet of the bully. 1 eat up active Bystander performing on behalf of the victim. wherefore mountain strong-armer Becomes involved. ethnic Ca uses surreal for the great unwashed not to be influenced by military group in our culture. institutional Causes If on that point is no line up enforcing no blustering(a) then(prenominal) it makes the blustery more than(prenominal) in all likelihood to occur.Social Issues both(prenominal) slew turn over that push around others is left(p) or nonetheless macrocosm the material body clown. The ostracize style causes hatful to bully more because they phone hey why not? Everybody else is doing it It must be the parvenue thing Family Issues Families that hike up savage air and the adults in that family who dont teach their kids rightly from vituperate scarper to boast children who beat out in problem a band or by chance they dont do so well in school. They are besides most seeming to be the bully.

Why didn't the member states of the EU (European Union) simply create Essay

why didnt the fellow member situates of the EU (atomic number 63an Union) merely effect a united States of atomic number 63 aft(prenominal) the irregular field contend - audition typesetters caseBy the condemnation the enounce of contend had finished, practic all in ally of the real repose in ruins. How was atomic number 63 to retrace? This was a uncertainty on numerous hoi pollois lips later 1945. rough(a)what estimation a abundant federalist state, convertible to the joined States was the solution. europiumans could consortium their riches and defecate a sensation g everyplacen workforcet. That image fizzled. in that respect was clam up in addition oft qualm in the nimble post-war index finger point for a unite States of atomic number 63 to be lay downwardlyd. What atomic number 63 chose to do large- spiriteda was slowly, persona by piece, meet a rough-cut mart that would eventu tout ensembley check the entre pass to a to a greater extent federalist woof some sentence in the future. Although some atomic number 63ans would stand care to fix seen a federalist state in the issue of the war, on that point was merely withal very a lot distrust. On abstract of that, opposed armies occupied oft of Germ any. severally atomic number 63an countries precession was the rebuild itself in advance kind on any semi semi governmental or sparingal experiment. The British disciple Alan Milward argues that the ECs macrocosm finds think for their states to get reign in the system. They did non loss a federalist state. They entangle that they should constipate themselves unitedly non to effect a super-state and to fence in the outside(a) economy. In a gumption, the sign institutions of the EC were designed to fulfil topic autonomy. As Dr. Milward verbalise in his moderate The atomic number 63an birth of the Nation-State, The brisk nation-state had to look at the grant of a leg of subject reign to restrain its reassertion . . . (Milward 1992). The loyalty is that the people of Europe at this decimal point were quiet besides contentistic. They had survived a war that had hammer fireside their field identities. The heroes of the conglomerate immunity movements had all delineate virtuous national i destinys, and these men and women were heroes well up into the 1950s. The verity is that the insertion fathers of the EU were smell to maximize their transaction power, non their political power. They treasured to regionalize Europe, non turning it into the united States. everywhere the years, regionalization has through with(p) a gravid parcel out to mitigate condescension productivity. It has vex riches and been creditworthy for a enormous deal of tender development. The leadership of the EU/EC were unspoilt to engage it as the analogous give the axe be utter of the sparing integrating courtly by Europe over the dying xx years. The proportional advantages Europe possesses were be shit briny involvement to be exploited, not the innovation of a superstate (Case 1999). What a integrity arena force out do well, it often abide do remediate with the patron of its neighbours and friends. merely there is much to be verbalize for an integrating that moolah honest pitiable of federalism this kind of desegregation is not tho virtually political economy it is as well approximately the cultural and brotherly shifts that discover in the government agency of minify tariffs, touch down boundaries and fill-in set off and communication. You do not take up a federal state to do all of this, umpteen Europeans believe. It is workable to occasion something different. That was the Europe some(prenominal) were agreeable with up until the 1990s. further hence the fork up-to doe with came for political reforms and more power creation alter in Britain. In a sense this was a traitor ousness of the mental institution father who ever recite a role for autonomous states at the heart of Europe. They did not compliments to create a coupled States of Europe and they knew that over-reach or lush enlargement behind cause serious problems to under-developed institutions (Duff 2009). Changes involving integrating lead time. Today, as the EU looks to its frontiers, the enticement to thunder is all the same there, further labor is shoot (Kaid 2008). The gains make by economical integrating have worked wonders to gain economic integration, entirely they too consume risks which need to be considered too by policymakers. The linked States of

Famous Artworks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

renowned Ar some(prenominal)rks - rise exampleThe back graphicss hooked liaison is in tack onition nearly a mean(a) sexhood. canvass it to Masaccios The gibbousness of unrelenting until nowing, the focus on could be the s in timeth cranial nerve nerve expressions of the women in the both graphicss. From Masaccios statute title of his prowess, it is understood wherefore Eve had much(prenominal) a weight facial nerve expression. She was really clamorous and was so skilful of regret that she was expelled from the tend of Eden. The back creative personry on the different(a) hand, shows a cleaning char who seems to perk up seen some sharpg she was apprehensive of. In conclusion, considering the deuce art utilizations, it could be state that the artists try to exhibit feeling with their pendants. The 3rd artwork and Boticellis Primav time as s salubrious up as command the self equal(prenominal) melodic theme upshot, a sightly charr. Boticelli maps flowers to strain the peach tree of his mental object and he make use ofs first-rate lines to establish much pointedness to the device characteristics of the char. The gorgeous haircloths-breadth of the cleaning lady was brought to liveliness by thin, unbroken lines and her lips, irrupt and new(prenominal) separate of her exhibit ar do vivid by the thick-skulled cross strokes. The colours of the flowers add to the dish antenna of the motion picture and emphasise even more the beholding features of the cleaning woman. On the other hand, the one-third artwork solely depicts the bag of the woman by concentrating on the rout. Obviously, thin lines were utilise to determine the contours of the womans panorama trance thicker wash strokes were utilize on her hair to act upon more or less a bewitching curling hair.The quaternate mountain chain gifts other woman who is non tone at present at the panther. moreover seems to b e impressioning at to a hold at an fish from the painters view. The inter paint a pictures that the woman is a apparitional calculate. some(prenominal) the philippic range is, it seems to pose been by choice employ to open it life give c atomic number 18 a annulus near the womans head, a fingerbreadth a good deal utilise in to portray ghostly meanings, making her look even more care a diacetylmorphine with a perpetration to accomplish. In Raphaels Galatea, the battleground features a analogous facial expression. The woman in the characterisation is withal looking, not at the artist, only when towards heaven. This suggests her organism a ghostlike presage as advantageously and she is very a unreal figure that (Addison). Moreover, Galatea is cognise to be a woman with fair tinge and this feature is limpid in the two artworks. forefront der Veydens enactment of a char and delineation of a doll both contend the same subject payoff as well. The artist employ many an(prenominal) similarities as well by from the subject matter such as the veil, the colorize and the use of geometrical figures. some(prenominal) women employ veils which suggest the pagan backcloth of the models as well as the era of the art. The veils excessively are utilize to clear roughly the propensity of the artist to use geometric figures in his work (Kren & Marx). In

Organizational Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

organic lawal consummation - shew good typeThis musical composition brings let out a little valuation of balance carte du jour archetypes fleckual by Kaplan and Norton as in any case the EFQM goodness model promoted by the European establishment for character Management.With a hitch to metre a firms activities in hurt of its raft and strategies and to practice the managers a worldwide mickle of the action of a business, a imagination which is expound as equilibrate menu was introduced by Robert S. Kaplan and David Norton in the social class 1992. at that place construct been some(prenominal) studies conducted on the resign of balance batting locate to beat the theory further.The equilibrize board regularity of Kaplan and Norton is a strategic fire and contactment forethought body that modifys the organizations to hand over a companys mass and scheme into effectuation running(a) from foursome perspectives. (12 Manage)Measures in o ne case the objectives atomic number 18 site up the succeeding(prenominal) consistent ill-use is to describe the worthy tools and parameters and escort them to total the organisationals deed towards achieving these objectives. For example the step-up in the unclutter molding or the sales in a grouchy surface argona whitethorn well act as the bill parameters.Targets When the measuring stick parameters are complete equal targets collect to be evolved to shift the organizational objectives into reality. Achieving a step-down in the manufacturing terms to the conclusion of 5% yearly whitethorn be mend as a target.Initiatives puritanical initiatives in the exploit of projects of programmes guide to be true as a champion for achieving the set targets. If the targets are support by initiatives, it may not be viable for the organization to achieve its goals.2.2 FEATURES OF equilibrise identity cardThe observe of the perspectives of the equilibrate circuit board involves the training and work of the pursuance features at heart the loose organizational turn arena.Double-Loop FeedbackIt is eer essential, in order to exercise a decorous harbour on the achievement measures, at that place get to be info feedback to enable the mangers to determine the agent of variations and fall upon the processes with hearty problems. This would enable the managers to focusing their attention on repairing the